COMM620 SF/Nelson literature review

From Driscollwiki

Contents 1 References 2 Notes 2.1 Hypermedia 2.2 Romantic desire in (post)modern art and philosophy 2.3 Historians and Hypertext 2.4 DRM 2.5 Visions of Xanadu 2.6 Hypertext Landow 2.7 a history of information 2.8 Cyberspaces of everyday life 2.9 Electronic commerce 2.10 Mediamorphosis 2.11 Thoracic endoscopy: advances in interventional pulmonology 2.12 Information storage and retrieval systems 2.13 Filtering the Web to feed data warehouses 2.14 Tech integration 2.15 Avatars of story 2.16 Learning from media 2.17 ECulture 2.18 Multimedia cartography 2.19 hypertext 3.0 2.20 Delivering digitally 2.21 Hypertext 2.22 Basque cyberculture: from digital Euskadi to CyberEuskalherria 2.23 From papyrus to hypertext: toward the universal digital library 2.24 A hypertextual approach 2.25 The SAGE handbook of writing development 2.26 From Text to Hypertext: Decentering the Subject in Fiction, Film, the Visual ... 2.27 The West Wing 2.28 A history of the PC 2.29 Histories of the future 2.30 Multimedia and hypertext 2.31 A+ certification 2.32 Noise 2.33 The soft edge 2.34 Deja vu 2.35 Hypertext in context 2.36 An Introduction to Digital Multimedia 2.37 Writing for interactive 2.38 Hypertext handbook: the straight story 2.39 Word perfect: literacy in the computer age 2.40 Perspectives on multimedia 2.41 Multiversities, ideas and democracy 2.42 intertextuality 2.43 Hypertext 2.44 The Blackwell guide to the philosophy of computing and information 2.45 Margins and marginality 2.46 Practical libraries 2.47 Aesthetic computing 2.48 What's wrong with digital doc 2.49 Hypertext/ Hypermedia 2.50 Opening up a new frontier 2.51 Less complicated systems 2.52 Learning theories, A to Z. 2.53 Bootstrapping 2.54 Handbook of research on writing 2.55 Conference looks at hypermedia 2.56 The Art of Immersion: How the Digital Generation Is Remaking Hollywood ... 2.57 Borges 2.0 2.58 Digital universe 2.59 Web-teaching 2.60 A to Z of computer scientists 2.61 Materializing new media 2.62 Glut 2.63 XPath... 2.64 Multimedia: a critical introduction 2.65 Hypertext: theory into practice 2.66 New perspectives on the internet 2.67 Blogging 2.68 Multimedia 2.69 Understanding hypertext 2.70 Hypertext/infoworld 2.71 Tools for thought 2.72 Macintosh hypermedia 2.73 Client/server strategies 2.74 Geography of the internet 2.75 The human-computer interaction handbook 2.76 Net effect 2.77 The Internet: a historical encyclopedia 2.78 Encyclopedia of New Media 2.79 Research on the Use of Hypermedia 2.80 Clio Wired 2.81 The world as information: overload and personal design 2.82 Hypertext Links: Whither Thou Goest and Why 2.83 Hypertext Guru Has New Spin on Old Plans 2.84 Book Review: Literary Machines 2.85 XML Transclusions: A Feasible Path 2.86 Versioning hypermedia 2.87 Dances with Spectres:Theorising the Cybergothic 2.88 OPEN INFORMATION POOLS 2.89 A formal description of zz-structures 2.90 Reflections on NoteCards: Seven Issues for the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems 2.91 New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function 2.92 From XML inclusions to XML Transclusions 2.93 50 Years After "As We May Think" 2.94 Beyond the Traditional Domains of Hypermedia 2.95 Freenet-like GUIDs for Implementing Xanalogical Hypertext 2.96 The Words of Cyberspace 2.97 History of Information Science 2.98 Web authoring: a closed case? 2.99 Why Hypermedia Systems are Important 2.100 An Interdisciplinary Bibliography for Computers and the Humanities Courses 2.101 Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey 2.102 Handling the Information Stored in the Audio Documents 2.103 Introduction: Media and Cultural Memory 2.104 Fearful Circuitry: Landow's Hypertext 2.105 Neighbor Selection and Recommendations in Social Bookmarking Tools 2.106 Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong 2.107 A Maze of Twisty Little Passages, All Alike: Aesthetics and Teleology in Interactive ComputerFictional Environments 2.108 The Road to Xanadu: Public and Private Pathways on the History Web 2.109 Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet 2.110 Accidental Machines 2.111 Writing Cyberculture 2.112 Tech(xt)s (2000) 2.113 Preparing the Technical Communicator of the Future (1990) 2.114 Transclusions in an HTML-Based Environment (2006) 2.115 ABOUT THE INTERNET IMAGINARY AND ITS EVOLUTION 2.116 Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-Structuralist Critical Theory, Social Studies of Science and Software (1994) 2.117 Web architecture and information management History lecture slides (2011) 2.118 A Xanalogical Collaborative Editing Environment 2.119 Histories, Heritages, and the Past: The Case of Emanuel Goldberg (2002) 2.120 State of the Art Review on Hypermedia Issues and Applications 2.121 The Evolution of Hypertext Link Services (1999) 2.122 Future Visions of Common-Use Hypertext: introduction to a special issue (2004) 2.123 The Open Society and its Media 2.124 Writing the Web (2004) 2.125 Engines of Creation (1986) 2.126 Hypertext Publishing and the Evolution of Knowledge 2.127 If "Reality is the Best Metaphor," It Must Be Virtual (1997) 2.128 Pushing Back: Living and Writing in Broken Space(1997) 2.129 Bridging the Gulfs: From Hypertext to Cyberspace(1997) 2.130 Hypertext '87 Keynote Address 2.131 No War Machine 2.132 The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu () 2.133 Where World Wide Web Went Wrong (1995) 2.134 Hub and terminal: Developing a method for textual analysis on the World Wide Web 2.135 The processed book 2.136 More, Faster, Better: Governance in an Age of Overload, Busyness, and Speed 2.137 Technology and Pleasure: Considering Hacking Constructive 2.138 Roger Gregory Interview at Ted Nelson Book Launch 2.139 Una Storia dell'Ipertesto 2.140 Synthetic worlds 2.141 Piracy 2.142 Reflections on Interactivity 2.143 Virtual community 2.144 Fire in the Valley 2.145 Gates 2.146 The future of the internet 2.147 Computer 2.148 Hackers 2.149 Is There Free Speech on the Net? 2.150 A Geography of the Eye 2.151 From counter culture to cyber culture 2.152 Dreaming in code 2.153 New Media from Borges to HTML 2.154 [Introduction] tHE gARDEN OF fORKING PATHS 2.155 [Introduction] From Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework 2.156 [Introduction] A File Structure for ... 2.157 [Introduction] Responsive Environments 2.158 Nonlinearity 2.159 [Introduction] As we may think 2.160 Direct Manipulation 2.161 Siren shapes 2.162 You say you want ... 2.163 17. [Introduction] From Software 2.164 21. [Introduction] From Computer Lib / Dream Machines 2.165 30. [Introduction] From Literary Machines 2.166 What the dormouse said 2.167 The hacker ethic 2.168 The dream machine 2.169 Virtual reality 2.170 Escape velocity 2.171 You Are Not A Gadget 2.172 Hypertext Links: Whither Thou Goest and Why 2.173 Hypertext Guru Has New Spin on Old Plans 2.174 Book Review: Literary Machines 2.175 XML Transclusions: A Feasible Path 2.176 Versioning hypermedia 2.177 Dances with Spectres:Theorising the Cybergothic 2.178 OPEN INFORMATION POOLS 2.179 A formal description of zz-structures 2.180 Reflections on NoteCards: Seven Issues for the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems 2.181 New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function 2.182 From XML inclusions to XML Transclusions 2.183 50 Years After "As We May Think" 2.184 Beyond the Traditional Domains of Hypermedia 2.185 Freenet-like GUIDs for Implementing Xanalogical Hypertext 2.186 The Words of Cyberspace 2.187 History of Information Science 2.188 Web authoring: a closed case? 2.189 Why Hypermedia Systems are Important 2.190 An Interdisciplinary Bibliography for Computers and the Humanities Courses 2.191 Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey 2.192 Handling the Information Stored in the Audio Documents 2.193 Introduction: Media and Cultural Memory 2.194 Fearful Circuitry: Landow's Hypertext 2.195 Neighbor Selection and Recommendations in Social Bookmarking Tools 2.196 Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong 2.197 A Maze of Twisty Little Passages, All Alike: Aesthetics and Teleology in Interactive ComputerFictional Environments 2.198 The Road to Xanadu: Public and Private Pathways on the History Web 2.199 Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet 2.200 Accidental Machines 2.201 Writing Cyberculture 2.202 Tech(xt)s (2000) 2.203 Preparing the Technical Communicator of the Future (1990) 2.204 Transclusions in an HTML-Based Environment (2006) 2.205 ABOUT THE INTERNET IMAGINARY AND ITS EVOLUTION 2.206 Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-Structuralist Critical Theory, Social Studies of Science and Software (1994) 2.207 Web architecture and information management History lecture slides (2011) 2.208 A Xanalogical Collaborative Editing Environment 2.209 Histories, Heritages, and the Past: The Case of Emanuel Goldberg (2002) 2.210 State of the Art Review on Hypermedia Issues and Applications 2.211 The Evolution of Hypertext Link Services (1999) 2.212 Future Visions of Common-Use Hypertext: introduction to a special issue (2004) 2.213 The Open Society and its Media 2.214 Writing the Web (2004) 2.215 Engines of Creation (1986) 2.216 Hypertext Publishing and the Evolution of Knowledge 2.217 If "Reality is the Best Metaphor," It Must Be Virtual (1997) 2.218 Pushing Back: Living and Writing in Broken Space(1997) 2.219 Bridging the Gulfs: From Hypertext to Cyberspace(1997) 2.220 Hypertext '87 Keynote Address 2.221 No War Machine 2.222 The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu () 2.223 Where World Wide Web Went Wrong (1995) 2.224 Hub and terminal: Developing a method for textual analysis on the World Wide Web 2.225 The processed book 2.226 More, Faster, Better: Governance in an Age of Overload, Busyness, and Speed 2.227 Technology and Pleasure: Considering Hacking Constructive 2.228 Roger Gregory Interview at Ted Nelson Book Launch 2.229 Una Storia dell'Ipertesto 2.230 Synthetic worlds 2.231 Piracy 2.232 Reflections on Interactivity 2.233 Virtual community 2.234 Fire in the Valley 2.235 Gates 2.236 The future of the internet 2.237 Computer 2.238 Hackers 2.239 Is There Free Speech on the Net? 2.240 A Geography of the Eye 2.241 From counter culture to cyber culture 2.242 Dreaming in code 2.243 New Media from Borges to HTML 2.244 [Introduction] tHE gARDEN OF fORKING PATHS 2.245 [Introduction] From Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework 2.246 [Introduction] A File Structure for ... 2.247 [Introduction] Responsive Environments 2.248 Nonlinearity 2.249 [Introduction] As we may think 2.250 Direct Manipulation 2.251 Siren shapes 2.252 You say you want ... 2.253 17. [Introduction] From Software 2.254 21. [Introduction] From Computer Lib / Dream Machines 2.255 30. [Introduction] From Literary Machines 2.256 What the dormouse said 2.257 The hacker ethic 2.258 The dream machine 2.259 Virtual reality 2.260 Escape velocity 2.261 You Are Not A Gadget

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Notes

Hypermedia

Kothari, D. P. & Saxena, A. (2004). Hypermedia: From Multimedia To Virtual Reality: A Managerial Perspective. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Hypertext overview

Bush/memex

Nelson/Engelbart considered as one topic (17-18)

Nelson, hypermedia as "freeing us" from "single world view" (xi)

Nelson as "visionary" "saw [...] a hypertext network of all society's documents" (91)

• But impossible to build "with the limitations of today" (113)

Nelson "coined the term hypertext" (179)

Romantic desire in (post)modern art and philosophy

De Mul, J. (1999). Romantic desire in (post)modern art and philosophy. SUNY Press.

Nelson's Xanadu which "in conceptual form" existed since the 1960s (240)

• Note inspiration from romantic poet Coleridge (241)
• Xanadu "fully outclassed" by the WWW (241)

Footnote Bush/memex as a "still earlier conception of hypertext" (282)

Historians and Hypertext

Rosenzweig, R. & Brier, S. (1997). "Historians and hypertext: Is it more than hype?" In Gateways to knowledge: The role of academic libraries in teaching, learning, and research (Ed. Lawrence Dowler), pp. 205-214. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Nelson, "who coined the term hypertext" predicted the end of the book in 5 years (205)

• Hypertext as non-sequential writing
• Nelson influenced by Bush

"Xanadu-like the Xanadu of Citizen Kane, a film by one of Nelson's heroes, Orson Welles-remains uncompleted" (206)

Reflecting on process of producing a CD ROM book, "Who built America?"

DRM

Cope, B. & Freeman, R. (2001). Digital rights management and content development. Common Ground.

Nelson "coined the term hypertext" (72)

Pre-TBL literature characterised as "utopian", "an end to the perennial tyranny of authorship" (72)

• Since the 1990s, the utopian visions of Nelson and other "failed to materialize" (73)

Xanadu and micropayments (73)

• Required ubiquity and large scale before anyone made any money

Today, hypertext primarily about "navigation" rather than authoring (73)

Visions of Xanadu

Rayward, W. B. (1998). "Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext" In Historical studies in information science (Eds. Trudi Bellardo Hahn, Michael Keeble Buckland), pp. 65-80. Information Today, Inc.

• Collaborator of Buckland on similar material

Demonstrating the Otlet was a "precursor" to Bush, Nelson, Engelbart (65)

• "Anticipated many features of" memex, Xanadu, etc.

"You thought it started with X but it really goes back to Y!"

Hypertext Landow

Landow, G. P. (1992). Hypertext: The convergence of contemporary critical theory and technology. Johns Hopkins University Press.

a history of information

Stockwell, F. (2001). A history of information storage and retrieval. McFarland.

Early encyclopedia makers wouldn't have imagined hypertext

• HG Wells "world brain", "never dreamed of such a process"
• "it took the invention of the computer and the vision of" Bush and Nelson

Bush/memex Nelson/hypertext ("named it")

Cyberspaces of everyday life

Nunes, M. (2006). Cyberspaces of everyday life. U of Minnesota Press.

universal hypertext "predates the web"

• Nelson's "originary vision" (53)
• Cites Literary Machines

Acknowledging conflicts between the two, the overlap is "universality and global reach" (54)

Endnote suggests that Nelson was influenced by Minsky "in particular" (190)

• Haven't seen this mentioned anywhere else...

Electronic commerce

Schneider, G. P. (2010). Electronic Commerce. Cengage Learning.

Bush/Memex/As We May Think

"Nelson called his system hypertext"

• Literary Machines and the description of Xanadu

Engelbart

Mediamorphosis

Fidler, R. F. (1997). Mediamorphosis: Understanding new media. Pine Forge Press.

Footnote: Nelson is "generally credited" with the term "hypertext" (43)

• His "larger vision" has yet to be "realized"
• Ref to Literary Machines, "self-published and frequently updated"

Thoracic endoscopy: advances in interventional pulmonology

Sterman, D. H. & Ernst, A. (2006). Thoracic endoscopy: Advances in interventional pulmonology. John Wiley & Sons.

Short history of computing concludes with discussion of hypertext

"The internet had already started with Ted Nelson's Hypertext "Xanadu" in 1974" (90)

Information storage and retrieval systems

Kowalski, G. & Maybury, M. T. (2000). Information storage and retrieval systems: Theory and implementation. Springer.

Hypertext history

"the concept [...] has been around for over 50 years"

Bush/Memex

"The term 'hypertext' came from Ted Nelson" (97)

• Xanadu development prohibited by lack of affordable technology (97-8)

Lists some other experimental systems

Filtering the Web to feed data warehouses

Abramowicz, W., Kalczyński, P., & Węcel, K. (2002). Filtering the Web to feed data warehouses. Springer.

Hypertext was "invented by" Bush and "popularized" by Nelson (77)

Tech integration

Cennamo, K. S., Ross, J. D. & Ertmer, P. A. (2009). Technology Integration for Meaningful Classroom Use: A Standards-Based Approach. Cengage Learning.

"Also during this period, the notion of hypertext was advanced by Ted Nelson."

• "Hypertext quickly blossomed into hypermedia" (6)

Avatars of story

Ryan, M. (2006). Avatars of story. U of Minnesota Press.

Nelson, a "computer scientist" who "coined the term hypertext" (137)

• Xanadu, more complex than WWW

Learning from media

Clark, R. E. (2001). Learning from media: Arguments, analysis, and evidence. IAP.

Another recurring comment is that hypertext SEEMS recent but REALLY it's been around for a long time, see!

"the terms were coined by Nelson" (167)

• "strongly influenced by" Bush

ECulture

Ronchi, A. M. (2009). ECulture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age. Springer.

Nelson "invented the term Hypertext" and started Xanadu (55)

• Context: Engelbart, microcomputers, Xerox Alto

Multimedia cartography

Cartwright, W., Peterson, M. P. & Gartner, G. F. (Eds.) (2007). Multimedia cartography. Springer.

"California computer guru" Nelson "transformed" Bush's trails and "coined the term hypertext" (16)

• CL/ DM, Xanadu
  • Micropayments

hypertext 3.0

Landow, G. (2006). Hypertext 3.0: Critical theory and new media in an era of globalization. John Hopkins University Press.

More thorough engagement with Nelson. At least 30 references across the whole book. Too many to enumerate here.

Delivering digitally

Inglis, A., Ling, P., & Joosten, V. (2002). Delivering digitally: Managing the transition to the knowledge media. Psychology Press.

Nelson, hypertext, electronic publishing (6)

• Influenced by Bush
• Xanadu, "never fully commercially realized"
• WWW "violates a number of principles"

Andrew Pam enumerating the gaps between Xanadu and the Web (247)

Hypertext

Harpold, T. (2003). "Hypertext" In Glossalalia: An alphabet of critical keywords, (Eds. Julian Wolfreys, Harun Karim Thomas), pp. 113-126. Taylor & Francis.

Dense summary of Nelson's writing on hypertext with lots of long quotations (

Discussion of Bush - Nelson relationship

• "critical or historical reflections on hypertext must always chain Memex to Xanadu" (116)
• Distinction here is a "turn" from inward-facing memex to outward-facing xanadu

Linking, trails, transclusion

Basque cyberculture: from digital Euskadi to CyberEuskalherria

Alonso, A. & Arzoz, I. (2003). Basque cyberculture: from digital Euskadi to CyberEuskalherria. University of Nevada Press.

Nelson as "inventor" of hypertext, referenced only to offer short definition "nonlinear, multidimensional text" (12)

From papyrus to hypertext: toward the universal digital library

Vandendorpe, C. (2009). From papyrus to hypertext: toward the universal digital library. University of Illinois Press.

Bush, Nelson as "first generation commentators" to be followed by Joyce, Aarseth, and Bolter (viii)

Gérard Genette defined hypertext as "any text derived from a previous text either through simple transformation ... or through indirect transformation" (70)

• Ulysses as a hypertext of the Odyssey

Hypertext, term "created" by Nelson to "designate a new way of [non-sequential] writing on the computer" (70)

• Nelson inspired by Bush
• Attempting to realize memex as Xanadu (71)
  • Micropayments

A hypertextual approach

Monnickendam, A. (1998). A hypertextual approach to Walter Scott's Waverley. Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona.

Who invented hypertext?

• "The word itself was coined by..." (16)
• Drawing on Nelson's anti-school writing (16)

Also quotes, considers the division between "Technoids" and "Fluffy ones" (16)

Challenging readers to think past paper simulation (i.e. word processor) (17)

Hypertext is not highly technical

• Can be used without understanding its underlying technical details

Especially interested in Literary Machines

The SAGE handbook of writing development

Haas, C. & Wickman, C. (2009). "Hypertext and writing" In The SAGE handbook of writing development (Eds. Roger Beard, Jeni Riley, Debra Myhill, Martin Nystrand), pp. 527. London: SAGE.

"Hypertext was defined by [Nelson,] who many consider to be its earliest theorizer" (527)

From Text to Hypertext: Decentering the Subject in Fiction, Film, the Visual ...

Gaggi, S. (1998). From Text to Hypertext: Decentering the Subject in Fiction, Film, the Visual Arts, and Electronic Media. University of Pennsylvania Press.

From Text to Hypertext: Decentering the Subject in Fiction, Film, the Visual Silvio Gaggi

Nelson cited for "devising an elaborate system for recognizing and compensating individual authors within hypertext systems" (109)

• Xanadu as a utility, economically structured similarly
• A "utopian system"

Gaggi, S. (1998). From Text to Hypertext: Decentering the Subject in Fiction, Film, the Visual Arts, and Electronic Media. University of Pennsylvania Press.

The West Wing

Finn, P. (2003). "The West Wing's Textual President : American Constitutional Stability and the New Public Intellectual in the Age of Information" In The West Wing: the American presidency as television drama (Eds. Peter C. Rollins, John E. O'Connor), pp. 101-124. Syracuse University Press.

The West Wing as "hypertextual television" (112)

• Uses "spatial rhetoric to create [...] and then manipulate a particular form of desire in viewers" (112)

Extends Nelson's definition of hypertext to include "affective" qualities including "atemporality" that suggest the "hyperreal" (113)

A history of the PC

Allan, R. A. (2001). A history of the personal computer: the people and the technology. London, Ontario: Allan Publishing.

CL/DM "part of the grass-roots, anti-establishment, power-to-the-people movement in California" (20/1)

Glossary: hypertext "attributed to" Theodore H. Nelson (20/7)

• Mentions "non-sequential writing" and Xanadu

Histories of the future

Rosenberg, D. (2005). "Electronic Memory" In Histories of the future (Eds. Daniel Rosenberg, Susan Friend Harding), pp. 125. Duke University Press.

"Nelson inventor of the terms..." (125)

• "never been known principally as a technical innovator" (126)
• CL/DM, "cut and paste hypertext manifesto" (126)

Xanadu, "universal transclusive hypertext network" (127)

"Visionary never quite fit" (127)

• Nelson's "vision of the future was always paradoxical"
• He believed that the future was a disaster and that they had to prove the predictions wrong

Hypertext

• All text is full of interconnections

Some discussion of transfer of human consciousness into software (146)

• Nelson remarked that Miller was the first reader to take seriously his hypertext/time travel writing in Dream Machines - (What does this passage suggest about the readership of these books and their incomplete engagement?)

Multimedia and hypertext

Nielsen, J. (1995). Multimedia and Hypertext: the Internet and beyond. Morgan Kaufmann.

"Ted Nelson coins the word hypertext" (34)

Xanadu (37)

• Nelson "early hypertext pioneer"
• Hypertext as a "literary media" (38)

Speculation on why WWW was accepted while Xanadu failed (65)

• "The cost was $0" because CERN and NCSA were paid for by "taxpayers"
• Also, backwards compatibility rather than trying to get all the ideal hypertext features

A+ certification

Clarke, G. E. & Tetz, E. (2007). CompTIA A+ Certification All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons.

Hypertext history:

• Bush/Memex
• Nelson "coined the term hypertext" (989)

Noise

Krapp, P. (2011). Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture. U of Minnesota Press.

Nelson "who coined the term in 1963" (2)

• Hypertext as a "generalized footnote" (2)

Otlet as a predecessor to Bush/Nelson (14)

"hypertext's champions still claim that it accomplishes a virtually universal memory, as envisioned by its pioneers, Bush and Nelson" (21)

"remarkable [...] reception of Nelson's coinage should have been so enthusiastic in the theoretical humanities" (21)

• Nelson argues against "unnecessary verbiage" (21)
• Comparison of CL/DM to Derrida's "Glas"
• Landow called Glas "hypertextual" (22)

Spelunking and digital media, Nelson's Labyrinth (85)

The soft edge

Levinson, P. (1997). The soft edge: A natural history and future of the information revolution. Pychology Press.

Chronology of the hyperlink:

• Bush/Memex- Nelson/Xanadu - TBL/Web (76)

Nelson working on Xanadu since the 1960s,

• "Coining the words hypertext and hypermedia" (141)

Nelson on the copyright royalty scheme of Xanadu

• That every document has a "cash register" attached (203)
• "One wonders why" this idea is not considered by Barlow and others who say IP is incompatible with the net (203)

Asimov's "Foundation" read as an antecedent to hypertext (206)

• Evidence of the 40s as a hearth where ideas sprang from, to be realized later
• e.g. Bush - Nelson/Engelbart

Deja vu

Krapp, P. (2004). Déjà vu: Aberrations of cultural memory. U of Minnesota Press.

Citations to Nelson especially regarding transclusion, hypertext

Hypertext in context

McKnight, C., Dillon, A., & Richardson, J. (1991). Hypertext in context. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Introduction begins with long quotation from Literary Machines (1)

Questions about when hypertext will replace the book, Nelson among those who wrongly predicted its demise (2)

Bush came up with the idea but Nelson named it "hypertext" (8) "25 years after coining the term [he can still] hold an audience's attention with his vision of how the future of literature might look" (8)

• "In Xanadu, nothing every need to be written twice"
• Inclusions, transclusions

Neologisms might be the reason that the system is "not well understood"

• xanalogical structures

Connects to Engelbart and others experimenting with hypertext (9)

Considering the conversion of text to hypertext, a prerequisite for Xanadu (88)

An Introduction to Digital Multimedia

Savage, T. M. & Vogel, K. E. (2009). An Introduction to Digital Multimedia. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

"Second generation innovators"

• Engelbart
• Nelson

"He coined the terms hypertext and hypermedia" (10)

• "Directly and deeply influenced" by Bush and Engelbart
• Opposed to "professionalism" and intellectual atomization
• He "planned" and "proposed" Xanadu (11)
  • Universal access
  • Royalties

Others in this category: Jobs, Kay, TBL

Hypermedia "proposed" by Nelson as new ways of representing information (112)

Writing for interactive

Samsel, J. & Wimberley, D. (1998). Writing for interactive media. Skyhorse Publishing Inc.

"The word hypertext was first coined ..." (12) Nelson is a "researcher and scientist best known for propagating Xanadu" (12)

• Connects to Bush/Memex

== Of Two Minds: Hypertext Pedagogy and Poetics

Joyce, M. (1996). Of Two Minds: Hypertext Pedagogy and Poetics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Bush/memex, Engelbart/NLS, Nelson/Xanadu (22-23)

Nelson's writing on hypertext, "bizarrely celebratory" (quoted from Landow) (23)

Nelson "baptized" hypertext (23)

• "coinage"
• "utopian spirit", "encompassing vision"

Brief mention of Xanadu/docuverse (23)

While working on a hypertext system, began to encounter Bush/Engelbart/Nelson all over the place,

• Compared this "tradition of scholarship" with an octopus with one eye above water, the rest tentacles spread out, but invisible from the surface (32)

Ted Nelson, "who coined the term hypertext" (113)

Hypertext handbook: the straight story

Kitzmann, A. (2006). Hypertext handbook: the straight story. Peter Lang.

Hypertext, quotidian, deceptively simple (1)

• Special attention to the non-linearity
• Nelson "dream machine" (2)

Bush, Engelbart, Nelson and hypertext as augmentation (13)

• "save the world from the tyranny of the [linear?] book" (13)

"Nelson is not someone who thinks small [...] Hypertext promises revolution" (13)

• A short biographical history of Nelson/hypertext

Notes a book he was "unable to publish" titled "Truth, Man and Choice" (13)

• He believed that his inability to work in a structured, linear fashion was the reason he couldn't get an audience for his ideas (13)

Hypertext as "non-sequential writing" (14)

• Runs down the 6 types of hypertext

Computer Lib/ Dream Machine and Xanadu as a team effort in the 1970s

Next a similar treatment of Engelbart's work in the 1960s

Word perfect: literacy in the computer age

Tuman, M. C. (1992). Word perfect: literacy in the computer age. Taylor & Francis.

Bush/Memex Coleridge Nelson/Xanadu

Nelson: "computer pioneer" (55)

• "developer and promoter of perhaps the most ambitious and most widely publicized attempt to realize Bush's memex" (55)
• docuverse

"visionary", Nelson is "if nothing else, a prophet" (56)

Linking Nelson to Barthes on interconnection within/without texts (63)

Perspectives on multimedia

Burnett, R., Brunstrom, A. K., & Nilsson, A. (2003). Perspectives on multimedia: Communication, media and information technology. John Wiley and Sons.

Nelson, "greatly influenced by" Bush's article

• "coined the term hypertext" (6)

Xanadu, "Nelson devised an elaborate system for sharing" "across a network" (7)

• Nelson/hyperlinks, Bush/"trails"
• Non-sequential writing to match non-seq thought (7)
• Re: CL/DM
• Hasn't happened because there is "little interest in it" and "nobody can make it economically feasible" (14)

Nelson and computers as liberation technology (44)

Multiversities, ideas and democracy

Fallis, G. (2007). Multiversities, ideas and democracy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Nelson, "an eccentric visionary and one of the few pioneers of the information age with a background in the humanities" (189)

Hypertext, non-sequential, non-linear "literary machines" before TBL/WWW

• Nelson on the future of novels, branching (190)

Nelson's hypertext is "electronic intertextuality" (236)

intertextuality

Orr, M. (2003). Intertextuality: debates and contexts. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

"Like most postmodern intertextuality, electronic hypertext and the internet operate to counter notions of origination and nefarious authority" (50)

"the term hypertext was coined" (50)

• "like intertextuality [reception was] rapturous reception as liberating and inclusive" (50)

(No context or history to this reference to Nelson, seems to collapse his hypertext into WWW?)

Hypertext

Liestøl, Gunnar. (1993). "Hypermedia communcation and academic discourse: Some speculations on a future genre" In The Computer as medium (Eds. Peter Bøgh Andersen, Berit Holmqvist, Jens F. Jensen), pp. 263-284. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

References to Nelson's definitions of hypertext, hypermedia

Xanadu: "Open system vision of a global hypertext" (270)

• copyright guaranteed

Sørenssen, Bjørn. (1993). "Hypertext: from modern utopia to postmodern dystopia?" In The Computer as medium (Eds. Peter Bøgh Andersen, Berit Holmqvist, Jens F. Jensen), pp. 477-490. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Bush/Memex, Nelson/hypertext (477)

Nelson tempers Bush's utopianism in Computer Lib

• "social critical tradition" of 1960s America (477)
• Computer Lib and liberation

Xanadu (480)

The Blackwell guide to the philosophy of computing and information

Floridi, L. (2004). The Blackwell guide to the philosophy of computing and information. London: Wiley-Blackwell.

Subhead: "Dual origins of hypertext: Assocation vs. Connection" (249)

"The term hypertext is usually credited to Ted Nelson, who coined it in 1962"

"From then on, hyperspace slowly became cyberspace" (250)

"At the same time, ..." Engelbart (250)

• Connection to Whorf, Bush

Margins and marginality

Nikolova-Houston, T. N. (2008). Margins and marginality: Marginalia and colophons in South Slavic manuscripts during the Ottoman period, 1393-1878.

"Hypertext theory"

• Bush/memex - Nelson/hypertext
• Nelson "introduced the term" hypertext (11)

Connects to Landow's application of literary theory to hypertext

Practical libraries

Lesk, M. (1997). Practical digital libraries: books, bytes, and bucks. Morgan Kaufman Publishers.

Nelson "rejuvenated" Bush's idea in the 1960s (115)

• Lists some "best known" systems: IRIS (Brown U), Hypercard (Apple), NoteCards (Xerox)

Nelson "who coined the term hypertext" (208)

• On the economics of digital libraries, micropayments
• transclusion

Aesthetic computing

Fleischmann, M. & Strauss, W. (2006) "Public Space of Knowledge: Artistic Practice in Aesthetic Computing" In Aesthetic Computing (Ed. Paul A. Fishwick), pp. 115-136. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Nelson = "software philosopher" (119)

• On the conflicts between "data base people" and "artists"
• Quotes from Rheingold on Nelson

What's wrong with digital doc

Singer, B. (2010). "What is wrong with digital documents? A conceptual model for structural cross-media content composition and reuse" In Conceptual Modeling - ER 2010: 29th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (Eds. Jeffrey Parsons, Motoshi Saeki, Peretz Shoval, Carson Woo, Yair Wand).

Bush's vision is the beginning (392)

• "Hypertext pioneers" Engelbart, Nelson
• Memex, Xanadu

Nelson "deep documents" (392)

• transclusion

Includes Nelson's critique of WYSIWYG/ Xerox PARC GUI (392-3)

Hypertext/ Hypermedia

Jonassen, D. H. (1989). Hypertext/Hypermedia. Englewood, NJ: Educational Technology Publishing.

"Hypermap" printed in the text with page numbers, choose-your-own-adventure style

Nelson's rationale for hypertext (22)

• "coined the term hypertext"
• Structure of ideas may be arbitrary, and writing should reflect it

Nelson "dreamed" of a macro-literary system, Xanadu (39)

Opening up a new frontier

Jones, R. S. (1987). "Opening up a new frontier." InfoWorld, September 28, pp. S5-S6.

Article about hypertext/hypercard on the mac

Illustrations include: Nelson, Atkinson, Dr. Steve Freedman from Stanford

Nelson quote: "Hypercard is more significant for the Mac than it is for hypertext"

• Nelson "who coined the term hypertext"
• Not as sophisticated as Xanadu (not named in the article) but Hypercard will introduce people to hypertext

Short history of hypertext includes Nelson prominently

• "a hypertext religion sees all-encompassing change in civilization"
• Notes the problem of proerty, copyright

Less complicated systems

Hebert, J. P. (1976). "Less complicated systems promote human liberation." Computerworld, September 6, pp. 6.

Opens with quote from Nelson: "Computer liberation means human liberation"

Remarks from an urban planning conference

• Nelson says that there will be 5 micros in every home by 1980

Nelson's responses in Q&A described as "somewhat oblique"

Advocated the installation of terminals in homes so that people could, for example, submit their tax return electronically

Learning theories, A to Z.

Leonard, D. C. (2002). Learning theories, A to Z. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.

"Hypertext, a term coined by Ted Nelson in the 1960s" (88)

Annotated bibliography

Nelson is "inventor" of the term hypertext

• Also listed under "educational technology" (230)
• "Chief strategist" for the Xanadu project

Xanadu offers "improvements" that the Internet still doesn't have (230)

• Specifically the royalty/payment system

Bootstrapping

Bardini, T. (2000). Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, coevolution, and the origins of personal computing. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Nelson thanked for doing an interview for the book (xv)

Engelbart, "along with Ted Nelson", credited for "pioneering work" in "hypermedia" (38)

• Also connects to Bush

Nelson an example of hypertext research in which "personal access to information emphasized over communication" (39)

Nelson indicated familiarity with Whorf's research (41)

Nelson on being "trapped by the success of the desktop metaphor" (223)

Handbook of research on writing

Anderson, J. (2008). "The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge" In Handbook of research on writing: history, society, school, individual, text (Ed. Charles Bazerman), pp. 214-231. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

"Storage and retrieval of knowledge through computers" also "envisioned" by Bush

• and "computer scientist" Ted Nelson (224)

Memex, Xanadu

Discussion of "docuplex", "docuverse", linking

References to Otlet and Goldberg (much more common among information science)

Conference looks at hypermedia

Jones, R. S. (1987). "Conferences Looks at Hypermedia." InfoWorld, November 23, pp. 8.

"Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext 20 years ago"

• "one of its best-known promoters"
• Nelson said "We're doing it all wrong" and advocated "starting over"

Andy van Dam, Fred Brooks and Doug Engelbart also quoted

Nelson is pictured as an illustration

Nelson: "this is a personal vindication for me"

The Art of Immersion: How the Digital Generation Is Remaking Hollywood ...

Rose, F. (2011). The Art of Immersion: How the Digital Generation Is Remaking Hollywood, Madison Avenue, and the way we tell stories. New York: W. W. Norton.

"Twenty years after Bush introduced the idea, Ted Nelson gave it a name: hypertext" (108)

Cites Wolf's assertion that hypertext thinking and ADD/hyperactivity were linked (108)

• The account seems to depend on Wolf quite a bit

Suggests that "hypertext" out to have been forgettable as were other "coinages"

• but "many things that once seemed in the realm of fantasy [...] became doable" (109)

Borges 2.0

Sassón-Henry, P. (2007). Borges 2.0: from text to virtual worlds. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

Nelson "coined the term hypertext" (7)

Drawing primarily from Literary Machines (12)

Connecting Nelson's observation that all literature is a series of interconnections with literary theory, specifically Deleuze and Guattari's rhizome (50)

Connects Nelson's Xanadu ambitions to Borges' imagined world in which people build a "universal digital library" (51)

Digital universe

Seel, P. B. (2012). Digital Universe: The Global Telecommunication Revolution. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Nelson in the audience of Bush As We May Think (8)

• Xanadu, hypermedia

"Key innovators" in dev of internet: Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Ted Nelson, Doug Engelbart (10)

Subhead: Ted Nelson's dream of Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System (84)

• Nelson described as "information scientist" (84)
• Building on Bush/Memex
• Nelson "coined the name hypertext"
• Xanadu and royalty
• Xanadu and commercial failure (85)
• Nelson connected to Engelbart, Licklider, Otlet

WWW "stands on the shoulders of" Otlet, Bush, Nelson, Engelbart, Jobs, and "hundreds of other computer scientists" (91)

"The vision of Ted Nelson of the internet as a forum for hypermedia" realized in "e-commerce" as well as "shared personal media" (96)

Example of using voice interface to search the web (257)

• Realizing the "dreams" of all the people listed above
• On continued influence of Bush on Engelbart and Nelson (258)

Web-teaching

Brooks, D. W., Nolan, D. E., & Gallagher, S. M. (2001). Web-teaching: A guide for designing interactive teaching for the World Wide Web. New York: Kluwer Academic.

In a glossary, "hyperlinks" credited to Nelson (12)

A to Z of computer scientists

Henderson, H. (2003). The A to Z of Computer Scientists. New York: Facts on File, Inc.

Nelson entry (185)

• "young visionary"
• CL/DM "manifesto"

detailed biographical info including parents Celeste Holm and Ralph Nelson (185)

"Bush is usually given credit for first conceptualizing hypertext, though he did not use that term" (185)

• Influence on Nelson

Nelson (via CL/DM) helped "create an interest in computers among students and activists" at a time when computer mean mainframe (185)

Detailed description of Xanadu design

• Notes about transclusion
• IP, copyright, payment
• Notes the "vaporware" accusation
• Remains an interesting challenge

"By coining the term hypertext and showing how it might work, Nelson inspired a number of implementations..." (186)

Rheingold, like Felsenstein and Nelson, saw the computer and computer networks as "a powerful tool for creating new forms of community" (222)

Under definition for hypertext, "the term itself was coined by Ted Nelson" (292)

• "outlined" by Bush

Materializing new media

Munster, A. (2006). Materializing new media: Embodiment in information aesthetics. Lebanon, NH: Dartmouth College Press.

Footnote groups Nelson with Kay, Negroponte, Scott Fisher (VR/NASA)

• Nelson "fellow at Autodesk", held a research position at Xerox PARC (not true?) is responsible for "coining the word and conceptual apparatus of 'hypertext'" (203)
• "loose network of software and hardware designers" (121)

Glut

Wright, A. (2007). Glut: Mastering Information Through the Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Otlet working "years before" Bush, Engelbart, Nelson (185)

• Similarity of the "trails" idea in Bush/Nelson and Otlet (190)

"Slouching toward Xanadu" (208)

• van Dam / Nelson / HES (217)

Nelson's "prediction" of popular computing (225)

• Nelson's "disavowal" of the WWW (226)

XPath...

Wilde, E. & Lowe, D. (2003). Xpath, XLink, XPointer, and XML: a practical guide to Web hyperlinking and transclusion. Boston: Pearson.

Ted Nelson "neologist extraordinary to the trade" (xv)

• Nelson and Engelbart moved Bush's Memex ideas into the world of digital computers (xv)

"Ted Nelson coined the terms hypertext and transclusion" (xxvi)

"Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart began looking at systems that embodied some of Bush's ideas" (23)

• Engelbart/NLS

Quoting and discussing Nelson's definition of transclusion (42-46)

Multimedia: a critical introduction

Wise, R. (2000). Multimedia: A critical introduction. London: Routledge.

Nelson unhappy about "multimedia" calling it "slide shows with sound" (1)

Engelbart implemented Bush's idea, "hypertext, a term first coined by Ted Nelson" (15)

On technology and liberation, Nelson CL/DM (28)

Ted Nelson "literary machines" transform labor from physical into mental burden (31)

Hypertext: theory into practice

McAleese, R. (Ed.) (1999). Hypertext: Theory into practice. Exeter, UK: Intellect Books.

Conklin, Nelson, Bush - prescient

Bush/Memex, "the benchmark" for "most historians" (vi)

"polymath Ted Nelson gave us the word-well, he tells us he coined the word. I see no reason to doubt him" (vi)

On Xanadu, "not one for under-selling an idea!!! It is not surprising that we have not seen a workable Xanadu" (vi)

Cooke, P. & Williams, I. (1999). "Design issues in large hypertext systems for technical documentation" In Hypertext: Theory into practice (Ed. R. McAleese), pp. 80. Exeter, UK: Intellect Books.

Hypertext "coined by" Nelson (80)

• Includes several examples of other "experimental" systems

New perspectives on the internet

Schneider, G. P. & Evans, J. (2009). The Internet, 7th Edition. Boston: Course Technology.

In the Appendix

Origins of hypertext

• Bush/Memex
• Nelson/Xanadu

Engelbart created "the first experimental" hypertext system (19)

Blogging

Rettberg, J. W. (2008). Blogging. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

"The term hypertext was coined in 1965 by Ted Nelson" (50)

• Engelbart as implementing an early hypertext system (50)

Account of Nelson's advocacy for universal access to publishing in CL/DM (51)

• Xanadu, docuverse
• Copyright, versioning, micropayments
• Bi-directional linking

"Visionaries like Ted Nelson, Douglas Engelbart, and Vannevar Bush..." (51)

Xanadu never realized but inspiration

"The utopias described in this early visionary work..." (52)

Consideration for the political ramifications, cite to (Moulthrop, 1991)

Multimedia

Packer, R. and Jordan, K. (Eds.) (2001). Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.

Collection with foreword from William Gibson

Intro to excerpt from CL/DM

"Ted Nelson describes himself as a person who invents paradigms and then makes up words to express them" (161)

Two critical intellectual encounters:

• Bush's article
• Coleridge poem

"He coined the words hypertext and hypermedia"

• "non-sequential writing"

Xanadu, "global repository for cultural information"

• Joining Bush to Engelbart
• "eclipsed" by "World Wide Web in 1989" (161)

Understanding hypertext

Seyer, P. C. (1991). Understanding hypertext: Concepts and applications. Windcrest.

Ted Nelson, "who coined the term hypertext" (213)

• Prediction of the docuverse, including the royalty system of Xanadu

Hypertext/infoworld

Morrow, G. (1988). "Hypertext may let PC users create unique structures for data organization." InfoWorld, April 25.

"Until the advent of Hypercard, Ted Nelson was little more than an obscure microcomputer cult figure"

Autodesk/Xanadu announcement

"Hypertext is a term he invented in the 1960s..."

"Xanadu had talent and vision. Autodesk had money and power."

"Even though [the press conference] was long on style and short on substance, Nelson's ideas are too important to ignore"

Goes on to describe the value of n-dimensional data structures

"If [Xanadu] succeeds," we'll be able to organize our information using "natural data structures"

Tools for thought

Rheingold, H. (2000). Tools for thought: the history and future of mind-expanding technology.

List of "infonauts" that are the "older brothers and sisters" of the "adolescent [hackers] you read about in the papers", includes: Brenda Laurel, Avron Barr, Nelson

Nelson: "dropout, gadfly, self-proclaimed genius" (24)

• Self-published Computer Lib, "best-selling underground manifesto of the microcomputer revolution" (24)
• His dream of a "continuously updated world-library threatens to become the longest software project."
• He is "wild, woolly, imaginative, and hyperactive" (24)
• "Has problems holding jobs and getting along with colleagues" (24)
• "Time will tell if he is a prophet too far ahead of his time or just a persistent crackpot" (24)
• He contributed a "rare touch of humor to the all-too-serious world of computing" (24)

On Nelson's account of Sketchpad (235)

• Nelson: "irreverent, unorthodox, counterculture fellow" (235)
• self-published "quirky, crazy, amazingly accurate commentaries on the future of computing" (235)

Chapter 14 is titled "Xanadu, Network Culture, and Beyond" (296)

• Nelson is one of the "most outrageous and probably the funniest of the infonauts" (296)
• Self-described "tin-pot Da Vinci" and "a weirdo who thinks he's a titan" (296)
• "Opinion in the computer community is mixed" if Nelson is more than a "gadfly, pamphleteer, tinkerer"

Both contemporary "idea people in universities and research labs" as well as microcomputer enterpreneurs "streaked past" Nelson in the mid-1970s (297)

While others became rich or were recognized for their contributions in the form of awards, gifts, prestige, Nelson's fortunes have "not (yet) turned out so spectacularly" (297)

"Unsettled as his future might be, [his past was marked with] foresight, orneriness, and the tenacity to talk clearly and plainly about the computer empire's new clothes" (297)

• Saw the potential in both academic and hobbyist work
• Chose to "bypass" and thereby "antagonize" academia and industry

"A forecaster in a notoriously unpredictable field" (298)

• Also a bad reputation for "antagonizing" those who take the "risk" of hiring him (298)

"Like so many other computer prodigies..." on Nelson's childhood (298)

• Notes his inspiration from V. Bush

Nelson's vision for hypertext, similar to Engelbart

Nelson, "being more of a liberal arts type than an engineering type-a dichotomy he deplores" (303)

Jumping through links, "a literary process he called hypertext" (303)

• Hypertext could apply to scholarship as well as to poetry (303)

Xanadu

• Copyright
• Royalties
• Accessibility
• Popular
• Transclusion

Note: Rheingold doesn't tend to use many of Nelson's neologisms

Macintosh hypermedia

Fraase, M. (1990). Macintosh hypermedia, Volume 2.

Ted Nelson, "one of the refreshingly quirky minds of our time" (xi)

"Xanadu, in its simplest incarnation [...] worldwide network of geographically dispersed, interconnected nodes that collectively provide a hypermedia publishing system" (xii)

• Users can publish "virtually any kind of document that can be annotated and linked"

Client/server strategies

Vaskevitch, D. (1995). Client/server strategies: A survival guide for corporate reengineers. IDG Books Worldwide.

Subhead: "Ted Nelson and the Xanadu Palace" (172)

Nelson, "hypertext visionary" (172)

"As a real system, Xanadu is just an interesting footnote in the history of computer science" (173)

• But "as a concept" it had lasting impact, inspiration

Geography of the internet

Keating, A. R. and Hargitai, J. (1999). The wired professor: A guide to incorporating the World Wide Web in college instruction. New York: New York University Press.

"A guide to the geography of the internet" , pp. 43-

Last person profiled in a section titled, "Pioneers of the Internet"

"Ted Nelson, who was influenced by Engelbart's work, is known for coining the terms hypertext and hypermedia" (43)

• "Internet visionary"
• "Inspired by Bush's essay"

Notes his home in the humanities rather than technical

Notes his work on "Xanadu", "still too sophisticated to implement" (44)

The human-computer interaction handbook

Grundin, J. (2008). "A moving target: The evolution of HCI" In The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications (Eds. Andrew Sears and Julie A. Jacko), 2nd Edition. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

"a wave of imaginative writing, conceptual innovation, and prototype building" (4)

• Bush/Memex
• Licklider/BBN/ARPA
• McCarthy/Strachey/Clark
• Sutherland/Computer Graphics
• Engelbart/NLS/Augment
• Nelson/hypertext

"inventor of the term hypertext"

"stirring calls for systems to democratize computing"

Xanadu, WWW, realization of some Xanadu ideas in blogs, wikis, etc.

Also notes his early concern about IP/copyright issues (4)

Net effect

Streeter, T. (2011). The Net Effect: Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet. New York: New York University Press.

Note: Streeter previously published some work on Nelson in articles, book chapters, these are omitted from the current analysis

Nelson described as "skilled popular writer" among Levy, Brand (1)

Listed also among the individuals remembered in histories of personal computing that focus on heroic individuals (21)

• "Joyful smart-aleck counterculturalism of Ted Nelson" (21)
• "coined the term hypertext" (21)
• "played a key role in popularizing concepts that are now embedded everywhere in microcomputers and the world wide web" (21)

Subsection on Computer Lib / Nelson (54)

• Key figure in connecting computing to counterculture
• "Coined the term hypertext" (54)
• Developed a "proposal for a computer editing system" (54)

Never very successful in business or software, contribution is as a writer (54)

Ideas similar to Engelbart + Licklider but tone, style of his prose was countercultural rather than technocratic

• "flip, iconoclastic, amusing, and sometimes poignant style" (55)

Likewise, even his earlier, more technical writing is focused on systems for writers to do writerly things (54)

• "fascinated with, and skilled at, the craft of writing" (55)

Streeter notes that it is common to find professionals like Kapor who say that CL/DM "changed my life" (57)

• Nelson claims that "at least fifty" other people told him the same thing in the mid-80s (57)

Distinguishing the "computer professional" from the "computer fan" (57)

"Extraordinary bit[s] of prognostication", anticipating buzzwords such as "surfing" (58)

• Grandiose claims about "liberatory potential" of personal computing (58)

"Antiestablishment sentiment" and countercultural appeal made through

• References to countercultural politics, artifacts, events
• Use of the colloquial, e.g. "Holy smoke" (58)

Subhead: "Ted Nelson and the Romantic Persona of the Visionary Rebel Hero" (59)

• "Nelson's style and approach make heavy use of romantic tropes" (59)
• Connection to romantic writing: "creation or expression of a distinct, struggling persona" (60)
  • Roussea, placing the writer's persona in the forefront of the reader's engagement with the text (60)

Blake and Nelson offered "a similar reading experience", "similar set of textual practices" (61)

• Blake also known for "coining new terms" (61)

Reading Computer Lib, one grows familiar with Nelson's handwriting (62)

• Reader gains sympathy with his pleasures and frustrations with computing

Mistake to see CL/Nelson as a causal force in the emergence of personal computing

• "The revolution would have happened without him" (64)

If there is a material effect of Nelson's work, it was "how individuals understood themselves within institutions" (64)

• A different "self-concept" of who one was when one set about building a personal computer (64)
• Difference between an Apple II and an IBM System 6 was, in part, about it's "imagined use" (65)

At the end of the 70s, Nelson's visions of computing were still minority views inside/outside the industry (66)

Via Nelson and others, a "new cultural toolkit" was being made available (67)

• "Offered a new social meaning for computer use" (67)
• "New vision for what it meant to sit down at a computer console" (67)
• "who the person was using [a computer]-a new idea of self in association with computers" (67)

Computer Lib, Creative Computing offered a different "mode of understanding" or Bordieu "habitus" (67)

• "playful, expressive, even radical" meaning of computer use
• Use as an end rather than a means to an instrumental end (67)

Note about Nelson making Xanadu open source, "the original romantic copyright protectionist" (165)

Note about cycles of romanticism:

• 60s attendees of Engelbart demo
• 70s readers of Nelson
• 80s Steve Jobs fans
• 90s open source advocates

One part of the romantic appeal is the "slapdash extremity of the claim" (177)

• Nelson's writing was resonant for someone who's pleasure working with computers conflicted with misgivings about their place in technocratic, instrumental, command-and-control schemes (177)

Nelson also used to introduce the "problem of property" on the web

Nelson's plan to franchise Xanadu as "a farmer's market like system of exchange" (138)

• Nelson hopes that digitalization can "perfect property" (139)
• The "view of an outsider" who has never been secure in compensation from institutions, feels he has never been treated "fairly" (140-1)
• A "mathematically perfect property system" that obviates the need for arbitrary structures of bureaucratic power and authority (141)

Nelson combines computers with Lockean liberalism (140)

• Belief that "clean" laws will keep the lawyers away and that strong IP is necessary for freedom for the autonomous creative individual (139)

The Internet: a historical encyclopedia

Lambert, L. (2005). The Internet: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: MTM Publishing, Inc.

"Introduction"

TBL invented the Web but owes much to Bush and Nelson (viii)

"Ted Nelson (1937-): Inventor of hypertext" In The Internet: a historical encyclopedia (Ed. Hilary Poole), pp. 186-190.

Surprisingly comprehensive biography.

Inventor of hypertext Known for "questioning the standards and practices of publishing and word processing"

Xanadu, for more than thirty years, "one of the most infamous unshipped software products in computer history" (186)

Rules he lives by: "Most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not exist and everything is wrong"

Uses ADD to explain Nelson's drive toward hypertext

Hypertext described as a "vision" that he slowly continued to work on

• Influence of Bush/Memex
• Nelson "ever ready to coin a phrase - dubbed it hypertext"
• First appearance of hypertext was in a 1965 article in the Vassar student newspaper

He got the rights to Nabakov's Pale Fire to create a hypertext but couldn't convince researchers to help him realize it

Xanadu

• the RESISTORS at Princeton

Computer Lib/Dream Machines

• Product of frustration at slow development of Xanadu

Lots of details on the development and struggles of Xanadu

• References to Mark Miller and Roger Gregory's contributions specifically

Moved to Japan because few people were willing to support Xanadu in the US

• With support from Fujitsu and Hitachi, he founded the Hyperlab

Biographer distinguishes "Xanadu the software" from "Xanadu the idea"

• The idea "energized several generations of hackers and programmers"

Compares Nelson to Babbage, a computer pioneer who never managed to "bring his elaborate computers to fruition" (190)

"Copyright"

Sidebar on transcopyright and transclusion (31)

• "Copyright is [one area] that Xanadu beats the web hands down"
• Micropayments

"E-books"

Ted Nelson, "coined the terms hypertext and hypermedia" (81)

• Tangled for decades trying to create the "perfect" hypertext system (85)

"Online communities"

On Community Memory and PCC

• "hypertext inventor Ted Nelson self-published Computer Lib / Dream Machines, a countcultural screed in which he decried the way that computers were being appropriated" by corporations (188)

"Chronology"

1945: Bush's work remained "vitally important" and influenced Licklider, Engelbart, Nelson (14)

• "three important figures" in hypertext systems, computer networking

1981: "Xanadu, a centralized hypertext database" (69)

• Universal system "interactive electronic publishing"

Encyclopedia of New Media

Featherly, K. (2003). "Berners-Lee, Tim" In Encyclopedia of New Media (Ed. Steve Jones), pp. 24-27. New York: The Moschovitis Group.

• TBL acknowledges Engelbart and Nelson for inspiration (27)
• Nelson "inventor of hypertext"
• NLS as "web's networking ancestor"

Waern, Y. (2003). "Human-computer interaction" In Encyclopedia of New Media (Ed. Steve Jones), pp. 222-227. New York: The Moschovitis Group.

Hypertext "outlined" by Bush

• "named" by Nelson for his "never-realized system Xanadu" (224)
• Refined by van Dam and Schneiderman
• Realized by TBL

Featherly, K. (2003). "Hypertext" In Encyclopedia of New Media (Ed. Steve Jones), pp. 227-231. New York: The Moschovitis Group.

Nelson's definition: "non-sequential writing" (227)

• Nelson "devised and named" hypertext in the 1960s

Subhead: "Nelson discovers hypertext" (227)

• Human thinking is non-linear
• Nelson described as "infamously disorganized" (227)

Xanadu is a "nearly Utopian dream" that "never got off the ground" (228)

• "Nevertheless, there is no serious dispute that hypertext is Nelson's discovery" (228)
• Makes note of Nelson's inspiration from Bush/Memex
• Also reference to Engelbart/NLS "too ahead of his time" (229)

Featherly, K. (2003). "Multimedia" In Encyclopedia of New Media (Ed. Steve Jones), pp. 329-333. New York: The Moschovitis Group.

"Hypertext inventor Ted Nelson [...] described multimedia in the early and mid-1960s"

• Engelbart, first genuine multimedia in 1968

Featherly, K. (2003). "Nelson, Theodor Holm (Ted)" In Encyclopedia of New Media (Ed. Steve Jones), pp. 340-342. New York: The Moschovitis Group.

"Software developer, Author, Hypertext pioneer"

"Variously described as a visionary, 'discombobulated genius,' and a misanthropic crank"

• "Never ashamed of his own genius"

Acknowledges the cynical view that Nelson has "accomplished very little and spent a lifetime of 16-hour working days doing it" (340)

• But calls this an "uncharitable view" given that Nelson has produced 3 "highly influential books in the interim" (340)

Xanadu: "grandly elusive, World Wide Web-like" (340)

Closes with remarks from TBL that Xanadu was "overreaching" and that having one system for payment might be sub-optimal (342)

Childhood heroes: Buckminster Fuller, Orson Welles, Walt Disney (340)

____. (). "Nielsen, Jakob" In 348-350 "During those early years, Nielsen fell under the influence of hacker hero Ted Nelson and his 1974 book Computer Lib..." (348)

Research on the Use of Hypermedia

Kommers, P. A. M. (1996). "Research on the Use of Hypermedia" In Hypermedia learning environments: instructional design and integration (Eds. Piet A. M. Kommers, Scott Grabinger, Joanna C. Dunlap), pp. 33- Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers.

"Landmark of hypermedia design" (39)

Nelson started at the data/storage structure rather than the UI or specific use cases (65)

• Discussion of Xanalogical storage (39)

"Nelson followed the line of Bush and Engelbart" (39)

Discussing the challenges of authoring hypertext (65)

• These challenges are "belitted" when they are treated as easy

Clio Wired

Rosenzweig, R. (2011). Clio Wired: The Future of the Past in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press.

References to Nelson/Xanadu are from essays that were reprinted from journals (included below.)

The world as information: overload and personal design

Abbott, R. (1999). The World as Information. Exeter: Intellect Books.

Robert Abbott (M.A.), Robert D. Abbott http://books.google.com/books?id=l2DubHSRZ7cC&pg=PA122&dq=nelson+%2Bxanalogical&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_X7pTqiiOMPMiQLVs-jaBA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=nelson%20%2Bxanalogical&f=false

Many previous efforts are discussed, including

• John Amos Comenius, 17th c scholar, "world encyclopaedia" (112)
• Leibniz, "comprehensive calculus and encyclopaedia" (112)
• Other encyclopedia projects...
• Otlet, LaFontaine
• 20th c., Scholarly databases...
• Deutsch WISE
• George Vladutz, "scientograph", mapping interrelated fields

World Brain

• "father" HG Wells
• "grandfather" Comenius

Hypertext as "specific solution to the World Brain problem"

• Bush "grandfather"
• Nelson "father"

Memex as first design, WWW as most "spectacular" implementation (120)

Xanadu, "a dynamic repository for all the world's information"

• "The basic ideas supposedly 'came to' Nelson in 1960" (122)

"Never one to be untruthfully modest" (122)

Xanadu is "a unified data structure is the closest we have yet come to World 4" (122) "a universal archival standard worthy of our heritage of freedom and pluralism" (122)

Clear summary of the features of Xanadu include private, semi-private, public storage facilities

• and micropayment of royaties, "a welcome advance on today's unwieldy copyright legislation" (122)

"the key [is] transclusion or xanalogical storage" (122)

• comparison of 'Nelson's neologisms' to Buckminster Fuller

Xanadu: "the ultimate macro-literary hypertext system" (122)

• Provides context (122)

Multiple types of links, bi-directional (123)

"it is quite likely that - even with sufficient financial backing - it will never be realised [...] too radical, too ambitious, and -more lethally- too inflexible" (123)

Cites to Steinberg and other critics

Nelson on the defensive, Xanadu as "vapourware" (123)

• Short history of the software project

If it is ever realized, "we will have a unified digital hypermedia, a memex, a World 4, a World Brain" (124) Authors anticipate many "private 'mini World 4s'" (124)

• Wasteful, redundant "shame"

Hypertext Links: Whither Thou Goest and Why

Harrison, C. (2002). "Hypertext Links: Whither Thou Goest and Why." First Monday, 7(10), October. Retrieved from: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/993/914

Nelson described as a "visionary"

• Term "coined" by Nelson

Lengthy quotation from a radio interview in which Nelson recounts his vision of non-sequential reading and writing (1996)

• Rigid distinction between reader/writer roles, even though a single person may occupy both

Hypertext Guru Has New Spin on Old Plans

• Nelson "hypertext guru", "visionary"
• Presenting ZigZag as a "product"
• Quotes from attendees that are "unimpressed", including one who describes Nelson appearing uninformed and "demonstrating a lack of knowledge" in various sessions
• Nelson declided to speak to Wired News

Book Review: Literary Machines

Smoliar, S. W. (1983). "Book Review: Literary Machines." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 8(5), October, pp. 34.

LITERARY MACHINES by Ted Nelson, 1983* Reviewed by Stephen W. Smoliar

Ted Nelson is selling things . However, the reader of this book may have some trouble grasping jus t what it is he is selling . The most general impression one gets is that he is selling visions, many o f which are tempting (at least at first glance) and most of which are not in very clear focus: (34)

Quote from Literary MAchines that describes a "subculture" that will form around the Xanadu stands

• The subculture will be "bright, verbal, interested in everything" (1)
• "More like the sci-fi subculture than Academia" (1)

Smoliar compares Xanadu (as described in LM) to a service "like CompuServe or The Source in which it is essentially as easy to write and publish as it is to browse and read" (34)

• The franchises are called "Silverstands"
• Instead of home computing, this is public access
• Home users can dial in to the local stand (34)

"a McDonald's style approach to managing information" (35)

"the nature of his style is such as to provoke a certain amount of skepticism on my part" (35)

Smoliar says he has "personal difficulty with some of the more libertarian ideas" (35)

• Including a lack of editors, direct publication, and unstable authorial control (35)
• Yet, Nelson elevates the act of publishing to something approaching a religious rite: "we make publication a solemn event [requiring] presumably signing a contract on something very like a credit-card triplicate split." (35)
  • Author cannot withdraw a document once it is released
  • Curiously high standard

Smoliar also balks at the lack of privacy control (36)

"Nelson's style often borders on the slovenly, in both the physical appearance of his illustrations and in his tendency to leave loose ends from his ideas dangling" (36)

Nelson 's vision is like that of Goethe's sorcerer's apprentice : i f it is allowed to proceed without any control at all, it may ultimately drown in its own good intentions

XML Transclusions: A Feasible Path

di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Vitali, F., Lumley, J. & Wiley, T. (2009). "XML Transclusions: A Feasible Path." HT '09.

The idea of transclusion has been at the same time the strength and weakness of Xanadu: some people considered it as an extremely powerful mechanism to get any version of any fragment of any document in a global shared document space, others as a very complex solution too difficult to be actually implemented and delivered.

"We believe transclusions are still worth implementing" (1)

• Investigating possibility of realizing transclusions within XML and the Web

Not trying to rebuild Xanadu in XML but to bring some "xanalogical functionality" to xml

"Nelson and his team proposed Transliterature[8] a revision of the original Xanadu project built on newer technologies." (2)

Maintain the division between "invention" and "implementation" "After several years from their invention - dated back to the early 60s - they still keep the original attractiveness and potentialities." (5)

Versioning hypermedia

Vitali, F. (1999). "Versioning hypermedia." ACM Computing Surveys, 31(4), December.

Versioning hypermedia, maintaining multiple copies with links, references

• "fundamental mechanism" of Xanadu

Several important systems throughout the long history of hypermedia have discussed, implemented, or even relied on versioning functionalities, from Nelson's Xanadu [Nelson 1987] (2)

Quote from Nelson on the need for links and a traceable history (2)

Dances with Spectres:Theorising the Cybergothic

van Elferen, I. (2009). "Dances with Spectres:Theorising the Cybergothic." Gothic studies, 11(1), pp. 99-112.

Hypertextuality, the collaborative structures of web 2.0, web 3.0’s semantic soft ware, and an exponentially growing multitude of interactive virtual life forms have not only made sure that ‘everything is deeply intertwingled’ in cyberspace, as Ted Nelson announced in 1974, but also that everything has become deeply confusing. (4)

OPEN INFORMATION POOLS

Pouwelse, J. (2000). "Open Information Pools." USENIX Annual Conference, Freenix Session, June. Retrieved from: http://www.usenix.org/event/usenix2000/freenix/pouwelse.html

Proceedings of FREENIX Track: 2000 USENIX Annual Technical Conference San Diego, California, USA, June 18–23, 2000 Johan Pouwelse

Starts with history: "Several people have dreamed of building a system that could unlock the knowledge of humanity. The MEMEX system, Xanadu, and the World Wide Web (WWW) are steps to realise that dream. Inspired by these ideas we propose a system that is one step further to the realisation of that dream." (2)

A formal description of zz-structures

Dattolo, A. & Luccio, F. L. (2009), A Formal Description of zz-structures, in Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function, pp. 7-11.

Begins with quotes from a presentation by Nelson to the Wearable Computer Conference (7)

Presents formal models of zz-structures

Refers to a number of articles on ZigZag, zz, and other "hyperstructures"

Reflections on NoteCards: Seven Issues for the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems

Halasz, F. G. (1988). "Reflections on NoteCards: Seven Issues for the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems." Communications of the ACM, 31(7), July, pp. 836-853.

NoteCards as a "second generation hypermedia system"

• First generation: NLS, FRESS, and ZOG (840)

Cites Nelson

• "Hypermedia has been proposed as the mechanism for storing and distributing the world's entire literary output" (840)
• NoteCards differs from Xanadu because it was scoped for individuals/small groups, not global use

New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function

Vitali, F., di Iorio, A., & Blustein, J. (2009). "New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function." HT’09, June 29–July 1, 2009, Torino, Italy.

"Writing and linking" on "blogs, wikis, and mashups" as "new forms of Xanalogical editing" (389)

Overview of a workshop beginning with a keynote by TN

• Short + long papers on transclusion, Xanalogical data structures, and applications of Xanalogical ideas to Web 2.0 (389)

Goal is to find "synergies" between "original Xanalogical vision" and "recent developments of the WWW" (389)

From XML inclusions to XML Transclusions

di Iorio, A. & Lumley, J. (2009). "From XML inclusions to XML Transclusions." HT’09, Torino, Italy, June 29-July 1.

Another technical article from

Angelo Di Iorio John Lumley

"Our main inspiration is the Xanadu project and the concept of transclusions." (147)

50 Years After "As We May Think"

Simpson, R., Renear, A., Mylonas, E., & van Dam, A. (1996). "50 Years After 'As We May Think'." Interactions, March.

Rosemary Simpson; Allean Renear, Elli Mylonas, and Andries Van Dam Interactions, March 1996

October 12-13, 1995 at MIT

• Featuring Engelbart, Nelson, Bob Kahn, TBL, Michael Lesk, Negroponte, Raj Reddy, Lee Sproull, Alan Kay
• Douglas Adams also spoke here

Evidence of Bush's legacy, "most obviously in the work of Engelbart, Nelson, and Kay" (48)

"Ted Nelson was always media-intensive. In 1960 he took a computer course and saw a chance to create a new world of interactive media — a new fusion of literature and movies, based on arbitrary constructs, interconnection and correspondence. Since then he has worked on digital media designs outside the prevailing paradigms. "

Debate between Nelson and TBL about "the best methods of protecting author rights" (54)

Nelson also came out against collaboration:

"The fundamental difference between my wonderful and very great stepfather Douglas Engelbart and myself is that he wanted to empower working groups and I just wanted to be left alone and given the equipment and basically to empower smart individuals and keep them from being dragged down by group stupidity. The amazing thing is that our designs have converged to some degree, showing, I think, the fundamental validity of this whole approach." (61)

Reference agian to Kurosawa, Rashomon

Beyond the Traditional Domains of Hypermedia

Millard, D. E., Michaelides, D. T., De Roure, D., & Weal, M. J. (2002). "Beyond the Traditional Domains of Hypermedia" In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems Core Concepts and Research Directions, Pre-Conference Workshop at the ACM 13th International Conference on Hypertext and hypermedia (HT'02) (June 2002), pp. 26-32.

Thinking through structures of different hypermedia models

• Citation to Literary Machines for Xanalogical thinking

Freenet-like GUIDs for Implementing Xanalogical Hypertext

Lukka, T. J. & Fallenstein, B. (2002). "Freenet-like GUIDs for Implementing Xanalogical Hypertext." HT’02, June.

(Lukka and Fallenstein also coded the ZigZag prototype available on the web)

Adapting Freenet content hash Globally Unique IDs to implement a p2p Xanadu, transclusion

• SHA-1 unique hashes

Nelson[9] argues that conventional software, unable to reflect such interconnectivity of documents, is unsuited to most human thinking and creative work. (1)

The Words of Cyberspace

Starrs, P. F. & Anderson, J. (1997). "The Words of Cyberspace." The Geographical Review, 87 (a): i46-isa, April.

Glossary

"In the mid-1960s, Ted Nelson envisioned a system of branching texts..."

• "The idea dates back to 1945, but it was Nelson who came closest to bringing hypertext to fruition - until the Web came along" (150-151)

History of Information Science

Buckland, M. & Liu, Z. (1998). "History of Information Science" in Historical Studies in Information Science (Eds. Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Michael Buckland.) Medford, NJ: Information Today.

This is an early version of the bibliography section of a literature review "History of Information Science" by Michael Buckland and Ziming Liu on pages 272-295 of Historical Studies in Information Science, by Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Michael Buckland. (Published for the American Society for Information Science by Information Today, Inc., Medford, NJ, 1998.). It includes items through 1994. An earlier version was published in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology vol. 30 (1995): 385-416.

"Conventional account" (6)

• Focuses on Nelson and Engelbart
• "With Vannevar Bush and H.G. Wells cited as inspirational figures"

Multimedia and Hypermedia HARTIGAN (1993b) summarizes ideas about multimedia over the past 30 years. Writings on hypertext, non-linear writing that gives the reader liberty of movement, have long given a conventional account of its origin and the their development by Ted Nelson and Doug Engelbart, with Vannevar Bush and H. G. Wells cited as inspirational figures (e.g., ELLIS; GIORGIO; KINNELL & FRANKLIN; RAMAIAH). But a much longer and more complex history of hypertext has now emerged. RAYWARD (1994a; 1994b, reprinted here) has shown not only that hypertext notions predate Vannevar Bush and H. G. Wells but that Paul Otlet's "monographic principle" was essentially a form of hypertext and that the Institute for International Bibliography in Brussels was using a (very labor-intensive) hypertext-based information system to answer queries early in the 20th century, long before digital computers. An important study by SERRES reconstructs the history of hypertext in five strands: In computing since the 1960s; in techniques developed in documentation; in printing techniques used to support non-linear perusal of books; in utopian schemes for universal knowledge; and in techniques of memorization.

• HARTIGAN, JOHN M. 1993b. Multimedia: The Marriage Broker for Television and Computers. CDROM Professional. 1993 May; 6(3): 69-71. ISSN: 1049-0833.
• ELLIS, DAVID. 1991. Hypertext: Origins and Use. International Journal of Information Management. 1991 March; 11(1): 5-13. ISSN: 0268-4012.
• GIORGIO, C.D. 1992. Un Introduzione agli Ipertesti e ai Sistemi Pertestuali [An Introduction to Hypertext and Hypertext Systems]. L'Indicizzazione. 1992 January-June; 7(1): 27-42.
• KINNELL, SUSAN K.; FRANKLIN, CARL. 1992. Hypercard and Hypertext: A New Technology for
• the 1990s. In: Kent, Allen, ed. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 49. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1992. 278-295. ISBN: 0-8247-2049-0.
• RAMAIAH, C.K. 1992. An Overview of Hypertext and Hypermedia. International Information, Communication & Education. 1992 March; 11(1): 26-42. ISSN: 0973-1850.
• RAYWARD, W. BOYD. 1994a. Some Schemes for Restructuring and Mobilising Information in Documents: A Historical Perspective. Information Processing & Management. 1994; 30(2): 163-175. ISSN: 0306-4573.
• RAYWARD, W. BOYD. 1994b. Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 1994 May; 45(4): 235-250. ISSN: 0002-8231.
• SERRES, ALEXANDRE. 1995. Hypertexte: Une histoire à revisiter. {Hypertext: A history to be revisited.] Documentaliste (France). 1995; 32(2): 71-83. (In French). ISSN: 0012-4508.

Web authoring: a closed case?

di Iorio, A. & Vitali, F. (2005). "Web authoring: A closed case?" HICSS '05 Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Track 4, Volume 4.

Presenting IsaWiki as a browser-based editor angling towards the promises of Xanadu, xanalogical storage

Creating trails and assembling fragments into new documents:

• "A use that has been foreseen and described by Vannevar Bush, Ted Nelson, and more recently HunterGatherer."(1)

Goal of this project and related is to create Xanadu by furnishing the web with Xanadu features that were too complex initially (3)

Why Hypermedia Systems are Important

Maurer, H. (1992). "Why Hypermedia Systems are Important." ICCAL '92 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Assisted Learning. Retrieved from: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=646263.685608

IIG (Institutes for Information Processing), Graz University of Technology, Austrian Computer Society and Joanneum Research, Schieszstattg. 4a, A-8010 Graz, Austria emaih hmaurer,iicm.tu-graz.ac.at

Argument: "the original vision of hypertext pioneers in North America and Europe that a non-linear widely distributed corpus of information accessible "everywhere by everyone" is still very much alive and becoming more and more a reality" (1)

Not intended to be a comprehensive history (2)

• Bush/Memex
• Engelbart/NLS

North America

• Ted Nelson/Xanadu, "efforts to implement [...] Xanadu on a large scale have not been entirely successful, yet his ideas have inspired many researchers. His flamboyant personality and rhetoric have done much to spread the gospel of hypertext" (2)
  • Also suggests that his showmanship may be cause for some skepticism that hypermedia is "hype"
• Several academic projects housed at universities
  • Minnesota/Gopher
• Apple/HyperCard, popularization of hypertext (3)

Hypercard has become almost synonymous to hypermedia systems, at least for some people. Let us emphasize that we do not subscribe to this point of view: a genuine hypermedia system must support a large number of users on a networked basis.

• Pre-WWW, HyperCard was the target

Europe

• Sam Fedida and videotex as a mass, generally accessible hypermedia system
• Hyper-G
• Nestor/Hector
• World Wide Web, W3, WWW (note: Europe)

Two big examples with separate problems:

• Videotex - widely accessible, poor UI, low bandwidth
• HyperCard - great media, no network

Universal availability of large hypermedia data-bases may be less science-fiction than it sounds: with lap-top computers soon integrated via cellular telephones into a global communication network this would be quite feasable. (5)

An Interdisciplinary Bibliography for Computers and the Humanities Courses

Ehrlich, H. (1991). "An Interdisciplinary Bibliography for Computers and the Humanities Courses." Computers and the Humanities 25, pp. 315-326.

Recommends Computer Lib/ Dream Machines

• Not Literary Machines (first published 1980, 9 editions, last in 1993)

Literary Machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom (1981), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California.

Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey

Conklin, J. (1987). "Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey." Computer, 20(9), September. doi:10.1109/MC.1987.1663693

Refers to Nelson as "one of the pioneers of hypertext" and uses his definition, "nonlinear text ... which cannot be printed conveniently on a conventional page" (1?)

"Hypertext is not so much a new idea as an evolving conception of the possible applications of the computer" (20)

Survey of "macro literary systems" in chronological order:

• Bush/Memex
• Engelbart/NLS
• Nelson/Xanadu
• Trigg/Textnet; later PARX/NoteCards
• Rittel/IBIS
• Lowe/SYNVIEW
• UNC/WE

Quote Nelson: "Under guiding ideas which are not technical but literary..." (23)

"The long range goal of the Xanadu project has been facilitating the revolutionary process of placing the entire world's literary corpus on line" (23)

• "Nelson predicts that the advent of on-line libraries will create a whole new market for the organization and indexing of this immense information store" (23)

Article claims that the "back end of the Xanadu system has been implemented in Unix" and that a "crude front end" is available for Sun workstations (23)

In conclusion, mentions "one more book" belonging to the "literature on hypertext": Neuromance

• The matrix is described as "the ultimate hypertext system", fully immersive, three-dimensional (24)
• Compares it to Nelson's "hypermedia"
• Ties it back to Memex as a "powerful extension of the human mind, just as Vannevar Bush envisioned ... four decades ago" (24)

References:

T.H. Nelson. Getting it out of Our System." Information Retrieval: A Critical REview, G. Schechter. Thompson Books, Wash. DC 1967

V. Bush, "As We May Think." Atlantic, Monthly, July 1945: pp 101-108

D.C. Engelbart. "A Conceptual Framework for the Augmentation of Man's Intellect" in Vistas in Information Handling, Vol. I, Spartan Books, London, 1963.

D. C. Engelbart and W.K. English, "A research center for augmenting human intellect," AFIPS Conf. Proc., Vol. 33, Part 1, The Thompson Book Company, Washington, DC. 1968

T.H. Nelson. "Replacing the Printed Word: A A Complete Literary System," IFIP Proc., October 1980, pp. 1013-1023

Handling the Information Stored in the Audio Documents

Canazza, S. & Dattolo, A. (2009). "The Past Through the Future: A Hypermedia Model for Handling the Information Stored in the Audio Documents." Journal of New Music Research, 38(4), pp. 381-396. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09298210903388947

http://sole.dimi.uniud.it/~antonina.dattolo/

More work on zz-structures by Dattolo

The abstract says that it is "adopting Vannevar Bush's point of view"

• Opens with lengthy quote from As We May Think

Introduction: Media and Cultural Memory

Möckel-Rieke, H. (1998). "Introduction: Media and Cultural Memory." Amerikastudien / American Studies, 43(1), pp. 5-17.

Digital media, cultural memory, counter-memory

Digitization of "traces of lost or suppressed histories of diverse social and ethnic groups" (9)

Nelson, Xanadu, and "docuverse" as a "utopian" vision of preservation and digital media

• "All written documents, all films and photographs interconnectable and accessbile on the mere pressing of a button"
• "More democratic access to knowledge"

History, in footnote:

• Bush/Memex
• Van Dam, Storyspace (HES?), Brown University

Actual citation is to Literary Machines (1992)

• Recent publication brought it back into the conversation

The World Wide Web owes much to Nelson's and Bush's visionary ideas, al- though Nelson's two predominant ideas could not be realized, namely that every document should basically exist only once in the docuverse, and that every calling up of that document should go hand in hand with a monetary transaction. (9)

Comparison of ADD to a "modern, machine-related form of amnesia" (9)

The "dystoipan" is represented by SF, specifically Orwell/Bradbury/cyberpunk

• As well as Kittler, "Protected Mode," Computer als Medium, ed. Norbert Bolz, Friedrich Kittler, and Christoph Tholen (München: Fink, 1994) 209-20.

Fearful Circuitry: Landow's Hypertext

Moulthrop, S. (1994). "Fearful Circuitry: Landow's Hypertext." Computers and the Humanities, 28(1), pp. 53-62.

Review of: Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology by George P.Landow Review by: Stuart Moulthrop Computers and the Humanities, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1994), pp. 53-62

"Digital convergence" of literature and computing

• Nelson's presentation to the Hypertext conference of 1987: Xanadu as a "hypertextual Library of Babel"

But it didn't work out as Nelson hoped

• Xanadu didn't happen (yet?)
• HyperCard "did not initiate a boom in hypertextual publishing" (it didn't? Is this contra Rosenzweig?)
• Multimedia, CD-ROMs

Describes two "jeremiads" delivered by Nelson at the 1993 Hypertext conference

• One a lament on the development of the information industry away from the vision of hypertext as a popular medium, broadly accessible
• Another, "Ted Nelson rose to lament the "academic back- water" that has begun to encroach on hypertext." (53)
  • A "recoil from theory" (54)

Moulthrop says that Landow's book is essential

• Jay David Bolter's equally essential Writing Space

Landow joins Nelson and Derrida, Barthes and Van Dam (55)

Interesting discussion about the construction of a "field" on 58-59

• See also Turner "Reading Minds" and the argument that literary studies needs to go "back to basics"

"we cannot look to the military-industrial gravy train as the salvation of the humanities; that train no longer runs" (62)

Neighbor Selection and Recommendations in Social Bookmarking Tools

Dattolo, A., Ferrara, F., & Tasso, C. (2009). "Neighbor Selection and Recommendations in Social Bookmarking Tools." 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. doi:10.1109/ISDA.2009.245

Article about improving social bookmarking sites by locating neighbors

• Suggests using "zz-structures" a la Nelson

Other articles but the same authors on the zz-structure: “A formal description of zigzag structures,” in Proc. of the Workshop on New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function, in connection with the 20th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, Torino, Italy, June 2009, pp. 7– 11. [16] ——, “A state-of-art survey on zigzag structures,” in Proc. of the Workshop on New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function, in connection with the 20th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, Torino, Italy, June 2009, pp. 1– 6.

And by Tuomas Lukka, "A Gentle Introduction to Ted Nelson's ZigZag Structure" http://www.nongnu.org/gzz/gi/gi.html

Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong

Lowood, H. (2009). "Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 31(3), pp. 5-19. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.53

Following discussion of Altair 8800 and Intel 4004,

• Engelbart and Nelson "had already begun to ponder the impact of computing on human potential" (9)
• Includes quote regarding "computer liberation" from computer lib

Reference to Nelson's field reports and the prevalance of video games (esp. Spacewar) (9)

Nelson provided a voice to those who proposed to move advanced text, graphics, networking, and other computer technologies out of academic laboratories to make them available to everyone. (9)

Footnote challenges simple causality:

According to Al Alcorn, the Atari group did not hear about Nelson until the late 1970s, and ‘‘lots of people had ideas but no one . . . built any working machines’’ (email correspondence, Aug. 2005).

A Maze of Twisty Little Passages, All Alike: Aesthetics and Teleology in Interactive ComputerFictional Environments

Kelley, R. T. (1993). "A Maze of Twisty Little Passages, All Alike: Aesthetics and Teleology in Interactive ComputerFictional Environments." Science Fiction Studies, 20(1), March, pp. 52-68.

Opens with two quotes:

• Calvino
• Nelson, "All simulation is political"

Argument: IF can be a tool that "helps its user to envision new worlds"

• (Is the "user" here the author, reader or both?)

Interactive fiction at its best actualizes what Roland Barthes called the 'writerly" text, that text which suggests or demands that the reader participate in the production of mean- ing, "the novelistic without the novel" (S/Z 5)

Contrast of hyperfiction (branching) from IF (parser) (65)

The Road to Xanadu: Public and Private Pathways on the History Web

Rosenzweig, R. (2001). "The Road to Xanadu: Public and Private Pathways on the History Web." The Journal of American History, 88(2), September, pp. 548-579.

Follow up to the previous review of internet histories

Begins with anecdote about Nelson's presentation to ACM in 1965, introducing the term "hypertext"

Nelson, "an inveterate coiner of terms"

Contra Wolf's article, Rosenzweig suggests that the WWW is starting to resemble Nelson's imagined Xanadu

"If the road ahead leads to Xanadu.com rather than Xanadu.edu, what will the future of the past look like?" (550)

Bell & Howell have a project called "XanEdu"

• Courseware ($) http://www.xanedu.com/
• No connection to Nelson?

Describes Nelson's Xanadu as "free and open" which doesn't quite fit with the details found in Dream Machines regarding ownership, permission, and franchising

But he does reference Snow Crash as an example of a dystopia in which everything is privately owned

On pg 577, sets up,

• Nelson:utopia::Stephenson:dystopia

History tells us that change comes much more slowly and unevenly than most visionaries would like (578)

Closes with a note of caution regarding the realization of Xanadu - it has everything you might want but "only at and for a heavy price"

• Advocates for open access position
• What would a more thorough engagement with the copyright/licensing aspect of Xanadu have yielded?

Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet

Rosenzweig, R. (1998). "Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet." The American Historical Review, 103(5), December, pp. 1530-1552.

Nelson as author of "the self-published manifesto of counterculture computing" within the Levy narrative, reference to Wolf's Wired article (1545)

Accidental Machines

Punt, M. (1998). "Accidental Machines: The Impact of Popular Participation in Computer Technology." Design Issues, 14(1), Spring, pp. 54-80.

Bush/Memex, "A fully working version of the MEMEX was never built" (67)

Douglas Englebart, NLS

• "One of the people who developed Bush's original idea" (68)
• Remarkable how often it is misspelled

A new profession of "trailblazers" (as he called them) would be formed of people able to bundle links together in a predetermined web, so that specialist scientists could follow their own threads, unencumbered by irrele- vant material.

Ted Nelson, "a media analyst" (68)

• "Concerned with wide public use of computer technology" (68)
• Public access centers

The extent to which Xanadu was ever a realizable project, or simply a platform for visionary engagement with a new technology, is something of a question, but as it became a technical and economic possibility, it was increasingly hampered by issues of copyright and intellectual property. Details of the system of data verification and credit payments to authors overtook the vision of his proposal for an inter- national information-rich culture. By the time it appeared that Xanadu might finally satisfy the lawyers and accountants, the polit- ical decision to enable wider public access to the Internet had already been taken. (68)

• "visionary"
• "possibility"
• "[Xanadu] was completely eclipsed" (69)

"The extension of Nelson's original idea to hypermedia, also was not computer-based technology, but a videodisk project developed in the Media Lab at MIT." (69)

• Error: this was thoroughly described in Dream Machines

MIT Aspen Movie Map, videodisk, nonlinear

Mac HyperCard, "launching a culture of 'third party' (independent) Apple software developers" (69)

Ted Nelson had correctly intuited a consensus around the idea of shared intellectual property programming community, but Macintosh's HyperCard software provided a concrete resource to express this ideal in informal, low-capital soft- ware development. (69)

There was not a single "big idea" that lead to hypermedia but, like many of the nineteenth century achievements in the natural sciences, the development of computer software was the outcome of the steady accretion of the efforts of individuals and small groups of programmers, who were essentially working on an amateur basis (in the field of computer science at least), and who were willing to freely share their findings. This is contrary to the generally accepted "romance" histories that explain technological change in terms of the dedicated and visionary genius of individuals like Bill Gates. (70)

• (of course, the mythology of bill gates doesn't quite match the reality. BASIC as a product is one that enabled a software industry...)

Writing Cyberculture

Gere, C. (1999). "Writing Cyberculture." Oxford Art Journal, 22(1), pp 149-157.

Round up of book reviews including Haraway, Plant

"Hypertext is a term coined by the computer pioneer Ted Nelson [...] Nelson was teh first to put a name to such an idea though its principles are described by Vannevar Bush [...] and developed by Douglas Engelbart" (150)

Computer Lib/Dream Machines as a "computer libertarian manifesto" (150)

Tech(xt)s (2000)

Malmud, A. D. (2000). "Tech(xt)s." IEEE MultiMedia archive, 7(4), October. doi:10.1109/93.895148

1070-986X/00/$10.00 © 2000 IEEE

Artful Media

A. Deborah Malmud W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

"The roots of hypertext date back to 1945", Bush/Memex

• "Bush's memex (memory extender) was never built, though he pioneered the notion of mechanized, variegated narrative" (6)

"By the time Ted Nelson coined the term 'hypertext' in the mid-1960s, there had already been at least 60 years of nonmechanized literary experimentation with nonsequential narrative"

• "Little more than a mechanical embodiment of a longstanding literary tradigion"

Engelbart/NLS; Nelson/Xanadu

• Neither found widespread use

More citations to other types of experimental/hypertext writing and literature

• Hypertext
• IF

Preparing the Technical Communicator of the Future (1990)

Little, S. B. (1990). "Preparing the Technical Communicator of the Future." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 33(1), March.

Distributed data bases...

Hypertext and hypermedia, words coined by Ted Nelson in the 1960s (29)

HyperCard; Guide (from Owl International)

Transclusions in an HTML-Based Environment (2006)

Kolbitsch J., and Maurer, H. (2006). "Transclusions in HTML-Based Environments." Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 14(2), pp. 161-173. doi:10.2498/cit.2006.02.07

"Nelson argues that cut-and-paste is not what people actually want to do but that it is a restriction imposed upon authors by the nature of paper." (162)

Quotes and references from Nelson are woven throughout this paper...

Suggests introducing a text tag that will include start position and number of characters as a list comprehension

Uses Wayback Machine and Google Cache to retrieve changed or missing documents

Understanding the Web as a network of documents with discrete authors, e.g. "authors of modified transclusion sources should be notified that the content they virtually included into their articles might not be suitable anymore, and that it has to be reviewed."

Rather than the general-purpose software infrastructure that it is becoming

ABOUT THE INTERNET IMAGINARY AND ITS EVOLUTION

Malbreil, X. (2007). "About the internet imaginary and its evolution." Revista Texto Digital, 3(1). Retrieved from: http://journal.ufsc.br/index.php/textodigital/article/view/1397

Xavier Malbreil Université de Toulouse II Toulouse, França xavier.malbreil@free.fr <REVISTA TEXTO DIGITAL> ISSN 1807-9288 - ano 3 n.1 2007 – http://www.textodigital.ufsc.br/

This is a history of the "internet imaginary"

Starting with Jules Verne description of Paris in 1960 (from 1860) as blanketed by "photographic telegraphy" wires (2)

Paul Otlet, "telepicture book", readable from far distance (2)

Paul Valéry, "works will acquire a kind of ubiquity" (2)

Ted Nelson, "carried its[sic] invention in the form of a daydream with the baroque name of Xanadu" (3)

• Recognizing Xanadu as a "polysemous word" referencing Kublai Khan, Citizen Kane, Mandrake, etc.

Imaginary "is beside reality" (4)

• "It circulates in parallel, and re-appears constantly"

Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-Structuralist Critical Theory, Social Studies of Science and Software (1994)

Edwards, P. N. (1994). "Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-Structuralist Critical Theory, Social Studies of Science and Software." Social Studies of Science, 24, pp. 229. DOI: 10.1177/030631279402400203. Retrieved from: http://sss.sagepub.com/content/24/2/229

Connecting intertextuality ("this hyperactive, social aspect of language products") to social construction of scientific knowledge. "inscription devices, discourse repertoires and the textualization of heterogeneous resources", hypertext as a site

Argument: "hypertext and AI are hyper texts" (230)

Hypertext history in ideas:

• Bush/Memex - Engelbart/NLS - Nelson/'hypertext' (230-1)
• No mention of Xanadu

Hypertext as software technology

• HyperCard (231)

Web architecture and information management History lecture slides (2011)

Wilde, E. & Mahendran, D. (2011). "Web Architecture and Information Management." Lecture slides from INFO 153, UC Berkeley School of Information, Spring. Retrieved from: http://dret.net/lectures/web-spring11/history

Web Architecture and Information Management Spring 2011 — INFO 153 (CCN 42509) Erik Wilde and Dilan Mahendran, UC Berkeley School of Information 2011-01-24

"Early visions" Diderot, Otlet, Ostwald, Wells, Goldberg, Bush

"Hypertext systems"

• Xanadu
• NLS
• NoteCards (PARC)
• HyperCard

Hypertext as an active area of academic/industrial research through the 80s

• Leading to ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia in 1987
• Web did not arise out of this work

Gopher, U of Minn, 1991

• Popular at universities from 1991-1993

WWW

A Xanalogical Collaborative Editing Environment

di Iorio, A. & Vitali, F. (2003). "A Xanalogical Collaborative Editing Environment." Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Web Document Analysis.

XanaWord allows users to create personal variants of web pages and edit them through a popular tool such as MS Word. The system manages versioning, change tracking and universal editing access in a manner rather similar to Xanadu, the pioneering hypertext project of Ted Nelson. (47)

Hypertext studies concerned with the distinction between reader/author (47)

Finally, by hypertext macro-system we mean an universal environment in which everyone can access, read, re-use, modify and comment any material of other users, tailoring it to his/her own purpose. Basically no such system ever existed, and the whole category was invented to describe Ted Nelson's Xanadu [15], an ambitious idea which unfortunately never came to exist. (47)

Xanadu is probably the most influential vaporware of the computing history. A system never quite finished, never published, that only a few people had the chance to see running; later rendered obsolete by the birth of the World Wide Web, Xanadu is better known through Literary machines [15], and a few papers in specialized magazines..

This is a paper that understands Xanadu to be a software project with Nelson as a designer and his writing to be design documents, albeit unusual

Histories, Heritages, and the Past: The Case of Emanuel Goldberg (2002)

Buckland, M. L. (2002). "Histories, Heritages, and the Past: The Case of Emanuel Goldberg." Preprint of paper forthcoming in the proceedings of Second Conference on the History and Heritage of Scientific and Technical Information Systems, Philadelphia, November 15-17, 2002. Retrieved from: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/goldchf.pdf

Revised February 27, 2003. Published version may differ slightly. HISTORIES, HERITAGES, AND THE PAST: THE CASE OF EMANUEL GOLDBERG Michael K. Buckland

Recovering the work of Emanuel Goldberg (1881-1970) in the production of microdogs, microfilm retrieval technology (1)

Bush was denied a patent for the Rapid Selector (a real tech on which the Memex was based...) because Goldberg held a patent for the same device (3)

J. Edgar Hoover reported on microdot and said that a prof named Zapp at the Technical University of Dresden invented it, this error was repeated many times (4)

How did Bush's "As We May Think" capture so many imaginations?

• "Well-written. Stimulates the reader's imagination to go beyond the technology on which it was based. The mythical memex became a symbol of what might one day be achieved if only one were inventive enough, an image of potentitiality in formation retrieval research and development."
• "Inspiration" for Engelbart and Nelson (5)

See: Smith on citation of As We May Think

Invoking the Memex is a "cultural and political gesture rather than an ordinary technical acknowledgement"

Other names less commonly cited (6):

• Wilhelm Ostwald, "devoted his Nobel prize money to promoting hypertext"
• Paul Otlet, founder of "International Federation for Documentation"
• Watson Davis of Science Service, "tireless advocate o microfilm"
• James Bryce, Chief Scientist at IBM, "built up IBM's patent holdings in electronics and personally received patents for rapid selector technology"
• H.G. Wells, "World Brain"
• Goldberg, worked on rapid selector in late 1920s-30s

Disciplines and professional fields do not necessarily evolve smoothly and the Second World War marked a profound discontinuity on the development of information services and technology. Stated simply, what had been called “Documentation” was eclipsed by “Information Science.” New and different groups addressed the same kind of problems but with new technologies and in new contexts, without much recognition of the technical and intellectual continuities (Buckland 1996)

Assumption in the US that information science was a new field, native to the US, and European work prior to 1945 was lost, forgotten, ignored (6)

Goldberg destroyed many of his papers before death (7)

Also a challenge in nomenclature:

• Goldberg called his device a "statistical machine"
  • Didn't come up in patent searches for "information retrieval" or "rapid selector"
• Primarily published in the photographic literature

The primary documentation of Goldberg’s professional life was lost in the bombing of Dresden on February 13-14, 1945, when Zeiss Ikon’s headquarters was destroyed. Later, the records of his laboratory in Palestine were destroyed in a flood.

Link to Goldberg's patent, United States Patent US1838389: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1838389.pdf

More from Buckland's site: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/goldbush.html

State of the Art Review on Hypermedia Issues and Applications

Balasubramanian, V. (1994). "State of the Art Review on Hypermedia Issues and Applications." Reprinted in hypermedia by Paul van Tillburg (2006). Retrieved from: http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/chapter1/systemsPeople/xanadu.html

Bush/Memex-Englebart/NLS-Nelson/Xanadu

Systems and people

• Memex
• NLS/Augment
• Xanadu

Since conventional file systems are not adequate to implement such a system, Project Xanadu has focused much of its attention on the re-design and re-implementation of file systems. This, in turn, required the creation of a whole new operating system incorporating a hypertext engine. The back-end for the system was scheduled to be released on Sun Workstations during 1992. -- http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/chapter1/systemsPeople/xanadu.html

Nice bibliography for pre-Web hypertext

• http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/references.html

The Evolution of Hypertext Link Services (1999)

Carr, L., Hall, W. & De Roure, D. (1999). "The Evolution of Hypertext Link Services." ACM Computing Surveys 31(4), December. Retrieved from: http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/ACM_HypertextTestbed/papers/19.html

Bush/Memex - Nelson/Xanadu

• Bush: "parasitic on the existing network of research libraries"
• Nelson: "whole new computer network of 'xanalogical storage' with associated franchise opportunities"

Review of various "link services" Links stored separately from documents, in some cases referencing regions within documents Different types of relationships than links between anchors

Tim J. Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, Jean-FranÁois Groff, and Bernd Pollermann. "World-Wide Web: The information Universe" in Electronic Networking: Research, Applications and Policy, 2(1):52-58, 1992.

Future Visions of Common-Use Hypertext: introduction to a special issue (2004)

Narrative based on: Bush -to- Nelson -to- Englebart

"Famously, the first paper on HTML was rejected from the Hypertext conference of the time as 'not hypertextual enough'. This view, and its implications, have followed us since, as the Web seems to have proved that HTML/HTTP is just hypertextual enough."

Three key citations:

• Bush, Vannevar (1945) "As we may think". The Atlantic Monthly, 176(1): July, 101-108 http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm
• Nelson, Theodore H. (1987) Computer Lib/Dream Machines (Microsoft Press: Redmond, WA)
• The Demo (of the online system (NLS) by Douglas C. Engelbart et al. on December 9, 1968, in the Augmentation Research Center, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA) http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html

The Open Society and its Media

Mark S. Miller, E. Dean Tribble, Ravi Pandya, and Marc Stiegler Xanadu Operating Company

Proceedings of the 1992 First General Conference on Nanotechnology: Development, Applications, and Opportunities.

Explaing fundamentals of Xandu in 1995 Lots of illustrations The WidgetPerfect saga Describes a system that is implemented as a "working, portable server" No interserver linking

Writing the Web (2004)

Angelo di Iorio and Fabio Vitali "Ted Nelson's Xanadu remains an influential example of the way a world wide hypertext system should have been, allowing free access to hypertext pages for content customization and editing. This is still impossible or unacceptably difficult on the World Wide Web. Yet, the Web cannot be replaced, given the amount of data and tools that rely on its basic protocols and languages. The vision presented here is of an evolution of the Web where, within the current framework of technologies and tools, every Web page can be edited and customized, links can be created, and collaboration can be set up." Although hypertext never quite emerged in the form envisioned by Nelson, the World Wide Web came into being as a simplification of Xanadu in terms of functionalities, but not of scale (Bieber et al. 1997). Web -> Xanadu is web as a "publishing/editing macro system" Focus on "integrated payment system" "Separation of content and presentation" "Transpublishing" Anticipating some of what is called "Web 2.0", blogging/wiki

• What is extant that reflects aspects of Xanadu?

"Reassurances of fair use, correct presentation of modifications, and fair management of copyright royalties could help is calming the legitimate fears of content providers. Maybe, had Tim Berners-Lee considered transclusion as a fundamental functionality right from the beginning, as he did for links, the idea of user customization may already have been accepted and part of the very idea of a hypertext system." The Web needs to be writable

Engines of Creation (1986)

Drexler, K. E. (1986). Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Anchor Books: New York. Retrieved from: http://e-drexler.com/p/06/00/EOC_Cover.html

Memex-Xanadu

"Once a bad idea reaches print, it takes on a life of its own, and even its author can seldom drive a stake through its heart. A devastating refutation of the bad idea becomes just another publication, another scrap of paper. Days or years later, readers who encounter the bogus idea will still be unlikely to have chanced upon its refutation. Thus, nonsense lives on and on. Only with the advent of hypertext will critics be able to plant their barbs firmly in the meat of their targets. Only with hypertext will authors be able to retract their errors, not by burning all the libraries or by mounting a massive publicity campaign, but by revising their text and labeling the old version "retracted." Authors will be able to eat their words quietly; this will give them some compensation for the fiercer criticism. "

Hypertext Publishing and the Evolution of Knowledge

K. Eric Drexler http://e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Hypertext/HPEK1.html Social Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.87-120 (1991);

Nelson specified requirements for a hypertext publishing medium that will "support the evolution of knowledge effectively"

Only Memex [12], NLS/Augment [13], Xanadu [6], and Textnet [5] are described as being (existing or proposed) 'macro literary systems', a category that includes hypertext publishing systems.

• 1986, http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/chapter1/systemsPeople/textnet.html

If "Reality is the Best Metaphor," It Must Be Virtual (1997)

Waller http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/diacritics/v027/27.3waller.html

"Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext to describe what he imagined would be a heterogeneous space of nonrandom intertextuality, warns that the evolving paradigm of the World Wide Web, in which any location can be connected with any other, models thinking as an ultimately meaningless mass of logically circular "spaghetti code.""

Pushing Back: Living and Writing in Broken Space(1997)

Stuart Moulthrop

Once upon a time, globally networked, computer-mediated communication seemed a genuinely radical notion. In the 1960s and '70s, advocates like Stewart Brand, Howard Rheingold, and, above all, Ted Nelson foresaw electronic publishing as the cardinal technology of a decentered, populist information culture. When this vision reached research labs at companies like SRI, Xerox, and IBM, not to mention a certain garage in Silicon Valley, it helped spur development of personal computers, which in turn nurtured the emerging Internet (see De Landa). Unlike some prophecies of the time, the development of cybertext seemed by the early '80s a viable prospect. Within ten years the visionaries were joined by designers and implementers, including Bill Atkinson, chief programmer of Apple's HyperCard, Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, and Jay David Bolter, software developer and cultural theorist.

More meaningful engagement with Nelson's ideas regarding the limitations of one-way hyperlinks in HTML

• "On the World Wide Web, links are, in Ted Nelson's phrase, "divingboards into the darkness" ("Where the Trail")."

Bridging the Gulfs: From Hypertext to Cyberspace(1997)

Begins with a PK Dick quote:

Thoughts of the Brain are experienced by us as arrangements and rearrangements--change--in a physical universe; but in fact it is really information and information processing that we substantialize. We do not merely see its thoughts as objects, but rather as movement, or, more precisely, the placement of objects: how they become linked to one another. But we cannot read the patterns of arrangement; we cannot extract the information in it--i.e. it as information, which is what it is. The linking and relinking of objects by the Brain is actually a language, but not a language like ours (since it is addressing itself and not someone or something outside itself).

http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/bardini.html

Proposes a contrast in early conceptualizations of hypertext:

• "associationist"
• "connectionist"

"a sociological perspective on hypertext"

Nelson + Engelbart working in similar directions but with different paradigms

• Nelson's vision is of a "literary tool that enables the author of a text to extend his or her text to the multiple and successive versions of it, in order to compare them."
• Engelbart: "based on the assumption that language is more than symbolic representation, better seen as a social construction. "

For Nelson, hypertext is a fundamental tool for individual creativity, and for Engelbart, hypertext is a necessary capability of a system designed to improve communication. These two alternatives parallel two different conceptions of the user, seen either as a creative individual or as a member of a community in a human organization.

Historiography:

• Bush on "association" in Memex
• An acknowledged influence on both DE and TN

Benjamin Lee Whorf on "connection"

• A less-commonly acknowledged influence
• Connection is more about the communication of ideas

There were thus two cultures, two world-views at the origin of hypertext. The first is represented by Ted Nelson and his Xanadu Project, aiming at facilitating individual literary creativity. The second is represented by Douglas Engelbart and his NLS system, a support for group collaboration. [...] The network-based systems are the children or the grand-children of Ted Nelson's Xanadu, and the outline-based systems are those of Douglas Engelbart's NLS.

Hypertext '87 Keynote Address

Andries van Dam

• Also attended Swarthmore
• http://www.cs.brown.edu/~avd/

For more from this event, see: http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/home.html

http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/HT_87_Keynote_Address.html

"Engelbart is the father of software engineering in the modern sense. Long before scientists such as Dijkstra and Bauer started writing about formal software engineering, Doug and his crew had been living it. This really was a bootstrap community of tool builders and tool users. So on that little timesharing system on the 940, they had meta-assemblers and compiler-compilers and ways of generating special-purpose problem-oriented languages. They had any number of tools and understood the value of building tools."

"being wordsmith and master showman par excellence and also a polemicist of the first rank"

"Ted is a self-proclaimed visionary who deserves the title,"

"He also talked about [...] all kinds of other weird and wacky ideas, some of which are workable, perhaps, some of which are not, but all of them are sure stimulating! "

"One of the most important things he taught me was that this is a new medium and you really can't be constrained to thinking about it in the old ways. Don't copy old bad habits; think about new organizations, new ways of doing things, and take advantage of this new medium. "

"One reason is there is tremendous inertia in this so-called progressive field. New ideas take forever to be popularized. "

"The other thing 1 learned was something about the art of giving demos: use progressive disclosure, don't show it to them all at once."

"Ted talks a lot about the docuverse, a mythical entity out there that is all-inclusive and contains everything. But instead, right now we are building docu-islands; none of our systems talk to each other, they are wholly incompatible. "

No War Machine

Moulthrop, 1997

https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/moulthro/essays/war_machine.html

"There are various genealogies for [hypertext] -- one line coming out of computer programming itself, through the speculations of Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart"

The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu ()

http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr_18/BBfr18a.html

Belina Barnet

On the "mythical dimension to Xanadu"

"Like the early hypertext pioneers Vannevar Bush and Douglas Engelbart..."

"The story of Xanadu is the greatest image of potentiality in the evolution of hypertext[2]. Nelson invented a new vocabulary to describe his vision, much of which has become integrated into contemporary hypermedia theory and practice - for instance, the words 'hypertext' and 'hypermedia'. "

Emphasis on coined terms: "As he put it in our interview, 'I think I've put more words in the dictionary than Lewis Carroll. Every significant change in an idea means a new term' (1999). Nelson came up with many significant changes, and consequently many new terms (some of which will be explained presently). "

Another way of talking about Xanadu:

• Not that it hasn't been realized (no one tried to build the Memex)
• But that it HAS been tried, numerous times, and failed
• Not one project but many many projects
• "technical evanescence"

"it is not that Xanadu has failed as vision (it has captured the imagination of a whole generation of developers, for a start), but that the vision has failed to realise itself qua technical artefact."

"Hypertext is more than just a technological shift, claims Nelson: it is an ideological overhaul of the way we read, write and learn literature."

Conflict of Nelson + Negroponte: "although it has failed to 'recover' copyright or ownership from the clutches of contemporary multimedia, Nelson's early writings certainly forecast a problem here. In 'the digital world ... [c]opyright law is totally out of date. It will probably have to break down completely before it is corrected' (Negroponte 1995, p. 58)."

"Xanadu has always been part technical design, part utopian business plan."

On PT Barnum: "Nelson's business ventures, however, have yet to meet with success. As one might assume from the previous example of Xanchises™, this could be 'because Ted packages ideas in so much... P.T. Barnum salesmanship that people distrust it' (van Dam 1999, interview)."

Nelson not widely known outside of "digerati" (insider/outsider dynamics?)

• "Nelson's influence is more indirect; all we have of Xanadu is its erotic simulacra, its ideals, its great potential."
• (Is Lanier bringing Nelson back into the light as others have done with Englebart?)
• "Visions take longer to influence the engineering world than prototypes. "

"Nelson is proposing an entirely new 'computer religion'."

"Xanadu is an 'epic of recovery' (Moulthrop 1991, p. 695) for the digital era, and it has entered into the imagination of a generation of developers. Unlike Bush's Memex, people keep trying to build the thing as it was first designed. This fact alone is evidence of its impact: technical white papers are not known for their shelf-life, but Xanadu's have thrived for over 40 years."

Where World Wide Web Went Wrong (1995)

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jZiM77RkNBMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA27&dq=%22science+fiction%22+%22ted+nelson%22&ots=ZuXfy_GI75&sig=T-_UX_oFbFyTxnqqGHKSu-A9I9w#v=onepage&q=%22science%20fiction%22%20%22ted%20nelson%22&f=false

Andrew Pam

Explicit comparison of CL/DM to SF in 1987:

As an avid science fiction reader, my imagination had already been captured by this idea of a universally accessible computer storage and retrieval system as presented in the 1975 novel Imperial Earth by Arthur c. Clarke. But here was someone actually involved in trying to create such a system.

He and his wife KAtherine became Xanadu Australia in early 1994 after meeting with TN

Hyper-G is another hypermedia system from the Graz University of Technology "directly inspired by TEd's vision as expressed in Literary Machines"

Hub and terminal: Developing a method for textual analysis on the World Wide Web

First Monday, Volume 12 Number 11 - 5 November 2007 Christopher Paul http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2025/1891

WWW history given as "building on the ideas of early systems of linking demonstrated in ideas like Vannevar Bush's Memex and Ted Nelson's Xanadu"

The processed book

Joseph J. Esposito First Monday, Volume 8, Number 3 - 3 March 2003 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1038/959

"a speculative essay about the future of electronic texts"

References "Stevan Harnad, Alan Kay, and Ted Nelson"

The relative size of that network depends on the importance of any particular book — a small network for this essay, an enormous one for Ted Nelson's Literary Machines. It is noteworthy that such a network has in fact not sprung up around Literary Machines, despite that work's enormous importance, almost certainly as a result of the author's eccentric decision to self-publish, denying Literary Machines of the marketing clout of even a modestly-sized publisher.

Suggests that Nelson's interest in building Xanadu infrastructure distracted him from pursuing his insights into the assembly (and processing) of texts:

Ted Nelson's vision of non-linear writing closely resembles the concept of the book-as-network-node, though Nelson ultimately became devoted to building a system to enable his vision and focused less on the creation of content.

More, Faster, Better: Governance in an Age of Overload, Busyness, and Speed

David M. Levy First Monday, Special Issue #7: Command Lines: The Emergence of Governance in Global Cyberspace http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1618/1533

Today Bush is generally credited with inventing the notion of hypertext, the ability to establish links between one piece of text and another. His paper is known to have excited and motivated other researchers, including Douglas Englebart, Ted Nelson, Alan Kay, and Tim Berners–Lee, who went on to develop computational tools in the spirit of what Bush first imagined. Indeed, there is a direct chain of influence from the memex to the World Wide Web.

Technology and Pleasure: Considering Hacking Constructive

First Monday, Volume 4, Number 2 - 1 February 1999 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/647/562 Gisle Hannemyr

Invited paper for the 1997 Symposium on Pleasure and Technology, Sausalito, CA, May-5-9, 1997, a slightly shorter version was published in First Monday, Vol. 4:2, February 1999.

• http://hannemyr.com/en/oks97.php

Quoting Computer Lib to illustrate the ideology of early computer hackers

Xanadu as "the embodiment of Nelson's ideas"

• "after nearly 40 years of gestation, Xanadu is still not widely deployed for public use"
• Cites Pam for critique of WWW

Very useful quote: "Nelson's failure in getting people to Xanadu may nevertheless serve to illustrate the hacker idiom that rhetoric is inferior to practice."

"Ted Nelson is almost the typical techno-hippie-cum-entrepreneur. His rhetoric champions such progressive ideals as democracy, justice, tolerance, self-fulfillment and social liberation, but his beliefs is clearly that of free market capitalism and neo-classical economic liberalism."

Transcopyright as "an incredible complex scheme for keeping track of ownership to, and extracting royalties for, intellectual property."

• Cited as evidence of Xanadu as not being progressive (i.e., anti-copyright)

Somewhat generously inaccurate description of Xanadu as "probably [...] the first, best designed and most functional [hypertext system]"

Roger Gregory Interview at Ted Nelson Book Launch

http://www.archive.org/details/possiplexrogergregoryinterview

• Interview by Dave Marvit
• October 8, 2010

Encountered Computer Lib, excitedly quit job moved to Swarthmore crew

• Designed a system, implemented more or less by 1988
• Running Xanadu "as a volunteer organization for almost 10 years"

Gregory says he was intrinsicly motivated to work for free/negative on Xanadu because "nobody was doing it right"

• Inclined to "getting that right" and "too stupid to quit"
• "That" == digitizing huge stores of knowledge in a way that would be searchable, useable

Does he regret having worked so hard on it? Does he wish he quit?

• "Having fun and partying, I'm not very good at that anyway"

Una Storia dell'Ipertesto

D'Alessandro, A. (????). "Una Storia dell'Ipertesto." Retrieved from: http://areeweb.polito.it/didattica/polymath/ICT/Htmls/Argomenti/Appunti/StoriaIpertesto/StoriaIpertesto.htm

• English: http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fareeweb.polito.it%2Fdidattica%2Fpolymath%2FICT%2FHtmls%2FArgomenti%2FAppunti%2FStoriaIpertesto%2FStoriaIpertesto.htm&act=url

More European focused history, beginning with books

• Rather than see Bush as an inventor, they position him as bringing together a number of extant ideas and presenting "a single vision of the future of human knowledge" crafted in such a manner as to convince his readers of "the posssibility (if not the ease) of its realization"

Drawing on Buckland 1992

• Otlet
• Goldberg
• Bush
• Nelson

Nelson described as an "'evangelist' of the concept of hypertext"

• Credited with coining the term hypertext ("Fu proprio Nelson l'inventore nel 1965 del vocabolo 'ipertesto'")

Nelson also described as a "perfectionist" ("un perfezionista") who, "like many visionaries," ("come molti visionari") would not compromise

Even today, he offers an "unusable" system for download ("propone in download un sistema inutilizzabile")

"Evangelist" ("un evangelizzatore") offered as an alternative to "technologist" ("un tecnologo")

• DM/CL and Literary Machines presented ideas that appear in part in the products/softwares of others

One system seldom mentioned is PROMIS (1966)

• Searchable database of medical records
• Remained in use until the 1990s

Continues on to talk about NLS

• Saying it was difficult to use, "cryptic mnemonics" ("richiedeva l'uso di codici mnemonici molto criptici")

Also mentions a variety of other projects

• Van Dam's HES, Fress, EDS
• ZOG
• Aspen Movie Map

Describes the 80s as when "hypertext became commercial"

Also includes a section at the end for "La critica di Ted Nelson"

Synthetic worlds

Castronova, E. (2005). Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

In Appendix: A digression on virtual reality

Nelson cited on the same page as Rheingold, Gibson, and Stephenson on the subject of migration to virtual reality

• Cited by way of Rheingold's reference to Nelson's description of "virtuality" (287)
• "'Virtual' is explicitly contrasted with 'real': it is the ways things seem to be, as when we watch a film that seems to take place in Rome but actually takes place in Los Angeles." (287)

Nelson described as "visionary"

Piracy

Johns, A. (2009). Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Passage on the topic of personal computing as liberation, noting three sites: (474)

• Engelbart's lab (Stanford)
• McCarthy's AI lab (Stanford)
• (later) Xerox PARC

Nelson quoted describing Robert Albrecht of the People's Computer Company as, "the caliph of counterculture computerdom" (475)

Following discussion of Illich's influence on Felsenstein, Johns notes that "enthusiasts in the early days were never united in opposing intellectual property per se" (478-9)

• Citing Computer Lib / Dream Machines, "a visionary manifesto for the power of engagement with computers" (479)

"Why is it always the guys with the cushy and secure jobs who tell you tweedle de dee, ideas should be free", Nelson (as cited on 479)

Xanadu, a "prophetically grandiose plan for a kind of designed hypertext web" (479)

Xanadu and compulsory licensing

• "Making piracy technically impossible" (479)
• "Mandating openness" (479)

Reflections on Interactivity

Arata, L. O. (2003). "Reflections on Interactivity" in Rethinking Media Change: The Aesthetics of Transition (Eds. David Thorburn and Henry Jenkins), pp. 217-225. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Nelson referenced by way of George Landow's historiography of hypertext (217)

• "Non-sequential writing on a computer"

Virtual community

Rheingold, H. (1993). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: HarperCollins.

In a chapter called "Visionaries and convergences," Nelson referenced in a discussion of "the ancient grail quest" for hypertext (99)

• Hypertext "first proposed by Ted Nelson in the 1960s and first implemented by Engelbart's SRI project" (99)

And later on the problem of "intellectual property," Xanadu as Nelson's "scheme" to address this "social problem" (103)

• "Nelson, who coined the term 'hypertext'" (103)
• Describes automated micropayments

On the software project:

• "The Xanadu project, long notorious as the world's most ancient software project that has yet to produce a public product, is still alive. And the problem [of IP] still exists." (103)

Fire in the Valley

Freiberger, P. & Swaine, M. (1984) Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill.

Computer Lib, "a book similar in spirit [to the Whole Earth Catalog", but about computers[,] before the Altair was announced" (101)

• Nelson described as "Celeste Holm's son" (101)
• Computer Lib as the "Common Sense of the [personal computer] revolution" (101)

Account of Nelson speaking at the World Altair Computer Conference (180)

• "a scandalous and wildly entertaining speech on what he called 'psycho-acoustic dildonics'" (180)
• Nelson talked with people in the audience about setting up a retail computer shop in Chicago, "Itty-Bitty Machine Company (after IBM). Among those interested was Ray Borrill, who was then building his own small network of computer stores in the Midwest" (180)

Account of West Coast Computer Faire, April 1977 (181-182)

• Speakers include BOTH "Frederick Pohl" AND Nelson! (182)

Nelson's complaint that the Apple II only displayed uppercase letters (220)

Nelson's photo (90) captioned "computer pundit and author of Computer Lib"

Gates

Manes, S. & Andrews, P. (1993). Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry-and Made Himself the Richest Man in America. New York: Doubleday.

"Information at your fingertips" (IAYF), a speech given by Gates and an organizing principle for Microsoft in the early 1990s

• "As for the technology, Alan Kay's Dynabook had plowed much of the same ground. So had a grandiose scheme called Xanadu from industry gadfly and pioneer Ted Nelson" (403)
• Also, "Knowledge Navigator a classic demo from Apple's John Sculley" (403)
• "Every half-baked computer visionary had come up with some sort of globally networked, easy-as-a-toaster computer solution to bring microprocessing to the masses. But they'd all faded into the woodwork, except for Sculley. Bill Gates was a guy who shipped product" (403)

The future of the internet

Zittrain, J. (2008). The Future of the Internet: And How To Stop It. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Nelson, "coiner of the word 'hypertext'" (226)

• Talking about adding context and metadata to what people see on the web, referencing Nelson's notion of "transclusion" (226)

"Nelson's vision was drastic in its simplicity" (226)

• "Data as a service [that] leaves too much control with the data's originator" (227)

Rather than "radical reworking of the copy-and-paste culture of the Web," Zittrain suggests the need for a means by which posters/authors of data can signal if they wish to remain linked to that data so that they can be consulted regarding "unusual uses" (227)

He calls this a "weaker signally-based version of Nelson's vision" (227)

Computer

Campbell-Kelly, M. & Aspray, W. (1996). Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: Basic Books.

Nelson: "the most articulate spokesperson for the computer liberatarian idea" (239)

• "a financially independent son of the Hollywood actress Celeste Holm" (239)
• "regular speaker at computer hobbyist gatherings" (239)
  • e.g., Nelson noted as speaker at Altair Conference (243)

"Hypertext": "an idea" "among Nelson's radical visions of computing" (239)

• Available, useful to the "untrained person" (239)

Computing needed to be liberated, "accessible to ordinary people at a trivial cost" (239)

"While Nelson's uncompromising views and his unwillingness to publish his books through conventional channels perhaps added to his anti-establishment appeal, this created a barrier between himself and the academic and commercial establishments" (239)

1996 is too soon to "properly evaluate Nelson's impact on the development of personal computing" (239)

• Comparable to McLuhan, "though certainly less important" (239)
• "In both cases, their influence has been largely intangible, but it seems likely that cultural historians of the next century will see them as having changed the intellectual climate" (239)
• "Nelson influenced mainly the young, predominantly male, local Californian technical community" (239)

History of WWW starting with Bush/Memex (288)

• JCR Licklider/ARPA, "Libraries of the future" (288)
• Ted Nelson "coined the term hypertext" (288)
• Engelbart working on "the practical realization of similar ideas" at SRI

Hackers

Levy, S. (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New York: Penguin.

Nelson, "distinguished visitor" to People's Computer Company (174)

• "self-published author of Computer Lib, the epic of the computer revolution, the bible of the hacker dream" (174)
• "stubborn"
• "self-diagnosed ailment of being years ahead of his time" (174)
• "Son of actress Celeste Holm and director Ralph Nelson" (174)
• "product of private schools, student at fancy liberal arts colleges[,] irascible perfectionist[,] 'innovator'"
• "treated like royalty at potluck dinners" (175)

He wrote a "counterculture computer book" out of "anger and desperation" (174)

• "No publisher was interested, certainly not with his demands on the format" (174)
  • "Oversized pages loaded with print so small you could hardly read it, along with scribbled notations, and manically amateurish drawings" (174)

Two thousand dollars of his own money to print "a few hundred copies of what was a virtual handbook to the Hacker Ethic" (174)

Declared himself a "computer fan" (175)

When MITS announced the Altair, "Ted Nelson [...] called with his blessing" (195)

Nelson unimpressed by the Homebrew Computer Club, calling the attendees "chip-monks, people obsessed with chips [...] like going to a meeting of people who love hammers" (220)

• Levy says that Nelson "should have appreciated" their "crusade" for building micros (220)

At West Coast Computer Faire, Levy compares Nelson to "a once lonesome guru [...] united with a sea of disciplines" (266)

• Quoting Nelson, "This is Captain Kirk[.] Prepare for blastoff!" (266)
• Others gave workshops on specific skills, applications; Nelson gave a workshop on "the triumphant future" (267)
• Nelson also gave a keynote titled, "Those Unforgettable Next Two Years" (267)
• Quoting Nelson, "Here we have the makings of a fad, it is fast blossoming into a cult, and soon it will mature into a full-blown consumer market" (267)

Nelson's prediction about the end of IBM is wrong, underestimates their ability to transition into micros (358)

Is There Free Speech on the Net?

Shade, L. R. (1996). "Is there Free Speech on the Net? Censorship in the Global Information Infrastructure" In Culture of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies (Ed. Rob Shields), pp. 11-32.

Ted Nelson and "tele-dildonics", citation points to Rheingold

A Geography of the Eye

Hillis, K. (1996). "A Geography of the Eye: The Technologies of Virtual Reality" In Culture of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies (Ed. Rob Shields), pp. 70-98.

Bizarrely cites the text of Bush's "As We May Think" (1945) from Nelson's "As We Will Think" (1972)

• "Bush also theorized the personal computer but as a hypertextual extension of the individual self" (75)

Nelson also cited as one of a few "thinkers" (including Donald Sutherland) to imagine computers as "poly-utility" (79)

• Nelson's field report on the experience of using Sutherland's Sketchpad is included on (80)

Discusses the implementation of hypertext from Engelbart's lab in the "early to mid-1960s" (81)

• "though [...] generally are believed to be no older than their 1980s commercialization..." (81)
• Cites Nelson's description of hypertext, 'automatic link-jumps' (81)
• "Ted Nelson has continued to defend and extend Vannevar Bush's original concept of hypertext and personal computing - the Memex - profiled above" (81)

From counter culture to cyber culture

Turner, F. (2006). From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Account of the first Hackers Conference, Nelson among the invited attendees (136)

• Nelson called it the "Woodstock of the computer elite", a phrase that was quoted in several journalistic accounts (138)

Rossetto, journalist who saw computer industry as part of a longer history of libertarianism, interviewed Nelson for his magazine (211)

• Turner calls Nelson a "hypertext guru" (211)

Nelson "a proselytizer for personal computing" (133) modeled Computer Lib after the Whole Earth Catalog (275r23)

• Nelson described as a "programmer who had authored a volume loosely based on the Whole Earth Catalog" (133)

Dreaming in code

Rosenberg, S. (2007). Dreaming in Code. New York: Crown.

Goal of Chandler (a PIM that followed a somewhat similar path to vaporware as Xanadu) was to "level the silos" and interconnect different types of data in the computer (100)

• "Digital-age maverick Ted Nelson had propounded the idea of computers as 'dream machines' and engines of personal liberation in the 1970s and invented the term 'hypertext'" (100-101)
• "Nelson views today's Web as a bastardization of his more complex vision" (101)
• Also references "intertwingularity" as a "label for the kind of complexity that information silos ignore" (101)
  • As opposed to "deeply hierarchical, categorizable, and sequential" structures (101)

New Media from Borges to HTML

Manovich, L. (2003). "New Media from Borges to HTML" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 13-25.

Introduction to the collection, lists Nelson's 1960s writing alongside Licklider, Sutherland, and Engelbart as "essential documents of our time" that will be one day rated on "the same scale of importance as texts by Marx, Freud, and Saussure" (24)

[Introduction] tHE gARDEN OF fORKING PATHS

Montfort, N. (2003). "01. [Introduction] The Garden of Forking Paths" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 29-30.

"Artists and writers have often presaged developments in new media that were invisible to the most esteemed technologists. Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart, who devised many of new media's most important concepts, have spent most of their careers on the periphery of the field" (29)

"The term 'hypertext' was coined by Ted Nelson..." (29)

[Introduction] From Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "08. [Introduction] From Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 93-94.

"[Engelbart] independently invented the hyperlink at the same time the idea was being hatched by Ted Nelson" (93)

Engelbart uses a form a "graphic vision" that NWF describes as "in the style of science fiction", narrated in second person (94)

• "speculative voice" (94)

Engelbart considers his "framework" to be his most important contribution yet struggles to situate it within existing knowledge structures:

• "it isn't a technology, it isn't a science, and it isn't a marketing or business model ..." (94)

[Introduction] A File Structure for ...

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "11. [Introduction] A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 133.

"Ted Nelson coined the word 'hypertext' and developed the concept that goes along with it" (133)

• "his thinking much more general, and his proposals significantly more advanced" than the WWW (133)

This intro involves deeper engagement with the specific details of Nelson's hypertext model than is typically seen

• Paper published in the ACM proceedings of the 20th national conference 1965

Nelson also seen as an early writer on HCI, "the psychological needs of users" (133)

[Introduction] Responsive Environments

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "25. [Introduction] Responsive Environments" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 377-378.

Ted Nelson described as someone who saw himself as "simultaneously pursuing artistic and technological goals", specifically literary

• Mentions his participation in the 1970 Software art exhibition

"Unfortunately, the work of such individuals has often been accepted by only one realm" (377)

Nonlinearity

Aarseth, E. J. (2003). "Nonlinearity and Literary Theory" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 762-780.

"Although the term hypertext was first used by Theodor H. Nelson in 1965 [...], the modern origin of the idea is generally accepted to stem from Vannevar Bush..." (771)

• Locates the origin of the cyberpunk "neural jack" at the end of Bush's article (771)

[Introduction] As we may think

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "02. [Introduction] As We May Think" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 35-36.

Narrative of both Engelbart and Nelson recalling their encounters with and inspiration from this text (35)

Nelson "coined the terms 'hypertext' and 'hypermedia,' and wrote books that envisioned personal computing and network publishing [...] before the first personal computer was even available" (36)

Direct Manipulation

Schneiderman, B. (2003). "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 486-498.

Citing Nelson on "virtuality", a representation of reality that can be manipulated" (492)

Siren shapes

Joyce, M. (2003). "Siren Shapes: Exploratory and Constructive Hypertexts" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 614-624.

Nelson informed the author that he "coined [the term softcopy] in the mid-60s" (618)

• Softcopy is text on the screen

You say you want ...

Moulthrop, S. (2003). "You Say You Want a Revolution? Hypertext and the Laws of Media" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 629-704.

History:

• Bush/Memex
• Adventure
• Nelson/hypertext (692)

Nelson, "a sometime academic and a dedicated promoter of technology" (692)

• "coined the term 'hypertext'" (692)
• Description of Xanadu including franchises
• "a trio of self-published manifestoes" (CL, DM, LM)
• Describes collaborations between Nelson and Engelbart at Brown (FRESS) and some little-known commercial efforts

Hypertext and "social change" (692)

1987 pegged as a "annus mirabilis" for hypertext (692-693)

• CL/DM republished by Microsoft Press
• Nelson/Xanadu join Autodesk
• First ACM HyperText conference
• HyperCard included with the Mac

It didn't catch on, hypertext "ahead of its time" (693)

• As it has been before

Xanadu as a humanist or "generalist" network to be protected from the fascist impulse (696)

Nelson's idea of "populitism", anarchy (libertarianism?) in its true sense: "local autonomy based on consensus, unlimited by a relentless disintegration of global authority" (696)

• If information is capital, then Xanadu will change the world

"What social processes can translate the pragmatics of Nelson's business plan into the radicalism of a hypertext manifesto?" (697)

• Moulthrop sees Xanadu as pragmatic - not utopian - and requiring additional labor to become radical

Moulthrop suggests "future history" as a means to understand the implications of Xanadu

• It will necessarily begin within the constrained environment of capitalism, where will that lead? (697)

Uses McLuhan's 4 laws of media to do future history on Xanadu (697)

Hypertext, pattern recognition, linking; "nothing more than an extension of what literature has always been", which Nelson has long argued (697)

Nelson forsees hypertext as a "revival of typographic culture" (698)

• Believable when you think Xanadu as "hypermedia" (698)

Nelson envisions the "extension of amateur literary production" (699)

Explicitly joins Xanadu to Gibson's cyberspace (701)

Nelson's scheme is to "get rich slowly" (702)

Nelson's warning that "tomorrow's hypertext systems have immense political ramifications" is "an understatement of cosmic proportions" (702)

"Public-access Xanadu might be the last hope for consensual democracy in an age of global simulation" (703)

17. [Introduction] From Software

Wardrip-Fruin, N. & Montfort, N. (2003). "17. [Introduction] From Software-Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 247-248.

Nelson produced the catalog, "Labyrinth"

• Programmed for the PDP-8 by engineers from ATI
• Called it the "first publicly-accessible hypertext" (247)

Nelson also wrote up his experience of the show in Dream Machines

21. [Introduction] From Computer Lib / Dream Machines

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "21. [Introduction] From Computer Lib / Dream Machines" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 301-302.

"Computer Lib / Dream Machines is the most important book in the history of new media" (301)

• "a Janus-like codex" (301)
• "challenged the popular notion of what computers were for" (301)

Exhorting readers to "defy the computer priesthood" and to "never accept 'the computer doesn't work that way' as an answer" (301)

"Computer Lib was in writing was the Altair and Apple II became in engineering: an artifact that destabilized the existing computer order, that brought about a conception of the computer as a personal device" (301)

Nelson believed DM to be more important than CL

• More about "media and design" than "computers" (recall "hammers" comment quoted in Levy)

"Fantics" essay, a "founding document for the field now called human-computer interaction" (301)

Nelson's book was "passed around, borrowed, stolen, and made a totemic object in early new media businesses" (301)

• Required reading for new Apple employees

Xanadu, "radical, open publishing network" (301)

• Made Nelson the "butt of jokes for 20 years", "called a crackpot" (301-2)
• Based on the belief that there "was not a demand for a public, hypertext-enabled publishing network" (302)

30. [Introduction] From Literary Machines

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "30. [Introduction] From Literary Machines: Proposal for a Universal Electronic Publishing System and Archive" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 441-461.

"Xanadu is the archetypal dream of a hypermedia network" (441)

• "a not-so-distant future" (441)

Combining central design with anarchic openness

• WWW only realizing the latter
• W3C trying to design backwards some of the features of Xanadu
• Nelson opening the code to earlier version of Xanadu

Nelson imagined Xanadu as a utility company, the information faucet (442)

• Vulnerability-explored by Moulthrop-that utility companies may abuse this power

NWF critiques the "micropayment" idea as undermining the pluralism and equal access principles, comparing it to "pay-per-view" cable (442)

• Prefers a comparison to libraries

Footnote reveals the challenge of republishing a selection from Literary Machines because of the demands of stretchtext (442)

• Also, this is an explicit reference to using print as a prototype for an electronic idea

Sidebar on ZigZag data structure with n-dimensions (442)

• Example is canonical: genealogy

What the dormouse said

Markoff, J. (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking.

Nelson listed among East Coast "figures" like Sutherland, Bush, Licklider, Bob Taylor, "and the computer hackers ta MIT" (xv)

Nelson described as an "itinerant writer, inventor, and social scientist who can best be descried as the Don Quixote of computing" (xxi)

• "Nelson was a contemporary of Engelbart in the sixties, and the two men had pursued many of the same innovations" (xxi)
• "Engelbart, however, had been the first to demonstrate a vision that led directly to today's computing world" (xxi)

van Dam blown away to see Engelbart demo the NLS (158)

• He had been working with Nelson and students at Brown on a hypertext system
• Nelson described as an "itinerant poet-sociologist" with a "vision that in many ways paralleled Engelbart's" (158)

McCarthy used NLS to create documents and was frustrated at the strict requirements to construct a hierarchical document of chunks no larger than 1000 characters (171)

• He "came to view both Engelbart's and Ted Nelson's ideas on text editing and hypertext as too dictatorial" (171)
• (Interesting considering Nelson would have also opposed the hierarchical outline requirement)

No other visitor to the PCC was as "influential" as Nelson (260)

• "a college friend of Andy van Dam" (260)
• "Nelson had coined the term 'hypertext' as part of his vision of a worldwide electronic publishing system he dubbed Xanadu" (260)

Nelson described as the "son of actress Celeste Holm and film director Ralph Nelson" (260)

• "independently hit upon some of the same ideas that were beginning to float openly in the computer labs surround Stanford in the 1960s and 1970s" (260)

CL/DM as a "self-published manifesto" (261)

• Openly imitated Whole Earth Catalog
• "mélange of useful information about computers as tools" (261)
  • "potpourri of useful and useless information [argued that the] computer was a universal medium" (261)
• A "break with the world of computer professionals, who had once been genuine computer fans but who had unfortunately grown older and become reactionary" (261)

John Draper (Cap'n Crunch) worked at Autodesk with Nelson (273)

On the influence of Nelson on HCC

• "With Ted Nelson's computing-power-to-the-people rallying cry echoing across the landscape ..." (282)

The hacker ethic

Himanen, P. (2001). The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age. New York: Random House.

At the end of the Appendix: A Brief History of Computer Hackerism

• "Ted Nelson, a visionary whose charisma can make him seem like a frenzied shaman, heralded the comping of the personal computer in a self-published book called Computer Lib" (188)
• "best known for expressing a vision of a worldwide hypertext long before the advent of the Web" (188)
• "inventor of the term hypertext" (188)

The dream machine

Waldrop, M. M. (2001). The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computer Personal. New York: Penguin.

Ted Nelson, "an independently wealth computer activist who had declared that 'hypertext'-a word he'd invented to describe the electronic links first imagined by Vannevar Bush-would at last allow us to break free from linear thought and hierarchical powers structures" (421)

To demonstrate the unexpected resonance that the ARPA vision had with "the head-tripping, antiestablishment spirit of the era" (421)

Tim Berners-Lee, "independently reinvented the idea of hypertext" a decade before learning about Bush, Engelbart, Nelson, or the Internet (465)

Virtual reality

Rheingold, H. (1991). Virtual Reality. New York: Touchstone.

Nelson as a "computer prophet" who saw "the implications of Sketchpad" (91)

• "an irreverent, unorthodox, countercultural fellow" (91)
• "long been in the habit of self-publishing quirky, cranky, amazingly accurate commentaries on the future of computing" (91)
• Cites a description of Sketchpad from The Home Computer Revolution, 1977

Navigating a database of text by traversing links "as Engelbart and Nelson envisioned when they started dreaming of 'hypertext'" (101)

Reference to Nelson's field notes about Sketchpad, importance of "hand-eye coordination" (104)

Nelson at a VPL demo

• "techno-prophet, pamphleteer, Autodesk Fellow, and seasoned performer of the personal computer revolution" (175)
• "smiled that goofy, infectious smile he uses on crowds" (175)

In a roundtable discussion, Nelson later remarked that VR might reveal that software design is a "branch of moviemaking", recalling his term "virtuality" (176-7)

At a VR session of the Hackers' Conference, 1989, Felsenstein "resurrected Nelson's grand old word" 'teledildonics' (179)

Autodesk interest in Xanadu (180)

• "hypertext is one way of linking up all the world's knowledge into a kind of automated network, in which creation, publication and payment of royalties for intellectual property could take place in a system accessible to everyone everywhere" (180)

Autodesk as a new site of intense innovation, hackerish interest, comparable to Xerox PARC in the 70s (180-181)

• Comparison of their AutoCAD software to Engelbart's vision of human augmentation (180)

Whole chapter titled "Teledildonics and Beyond" (345)

• "'dildonics' was coined in 1974 by that zany computer visionary Theodor Nelson (inventor of hypertext and designer of the world's oldest unfinished software project, appropriately named 'Xanadu' (R)"
• Term used to describe a patented machine for converting sound into tactile sensation

"Intertwingled" used to describe machines, bodies (353)

Escape velocity

Dery, M. (1996). Escape Velocity. New York: Grove Press.

Ted Nelson, "technovisionary" (26)

• "self-published a 'counterculture computer book' titled Computer Lib, an impassioned manifest for an imagined movement" (26-7)

You Are Not A Gadget

Lanier, J. (2010). You are not a gadget. New York: Knopf.

"The first design for something like the World Wide Web, Ted Nelson's Xanadu, conceived of one giant, global file" (13)

• Used to illustrate Lanier's argument against the teleology of files/folders

"Is there any way to bring money and capitalism into an era of technological abundance without impoverishing almost everyone? One smart idea came from Ted Nelson" (100)

Nelson, "invented the digital media link [and] called it 'hypermedia'" (100)

Lanier inherits Nelson's habit of referring to implementation challenges as "details" (101)

• Also, suggesting that there is a "digital culture" full of anti-humanist techies
• He lists exceptions to this "cybernetic totalist tribe" on (17)

"As a result, anyone might be able to get rich from creative work" (101)

• "an obscure scholar might eventually earn as much over many years as her work is repeatedly referenced. But note that this is a very different idea from the long tail, because it rewards individuals instead of cloud owners" (101)

Lanier refers to an old objection to Xanadu which is that everyday people do not want to publish

• "I remember Nelson trying to speak and young American Maoists shouting him down because they worried that his system would favor the intellectual over the peasant" (101)

If we idealists had only been able to convince those skeptics, we might have entered into a different, and better, world once it became clear that the majority of people are indeed interested in and capable of being expressive in the digital realm (101)

"Everyone would have easy access to everyone else's creative bits at reasonable prices - and everyone would get paid for their bits." (101)

"This arrangement would celebrate personhood in full, because personal expression would be valued" (101)

Hypertext Links: Whither Thou Goest and Why

Harrison, C. (2002). "Hypertext Links: Whither Thou Goest and Why." First Monday, 7(10), October. Retrieved from: http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/993/914

Nelson described as a "visionary"

• Term "coined" by Nelson

Lengthy quotation from a radio interview in which Nelson recounts his vision of non-sequential reading and writing (1996)

• Rigid distinction between reader/writer roles, even though a single person may occupy both

Hypertext Guru Has New Spin on Old Plans

• Nelson "hypertext guru", "visionary"
• Presenting ZigZag as a "product"
• Quotes from attendees that are "unimpressed", including one who describes Nelson appearing uninformed and "demonstrating a lack of knowledge" in various sessions
• Nelson declided to speak to Wired News

Book Review: Literary Machines

Smoliar, S. W. (1983). "Book Review: Literary Machines." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 8(5), October, pp. 34.

LITERARY MACHINES by Ted Nelson, 1983* Reviewed by Stephen W. Smoliar

Ted Nelson is selling things . However, the reader of this book may have some trouble grasping jus t what it is he is selling . The most general impression one gets is that he is selling visions, many o f which are tempting (at least at first glance) and most of which are not in very clear focus: (34)

Quote from Literary MAchines that describes a "subculture" that will form around the Xanadu stands

• The subculture will be "bright, verbal, interested in everything" (1)
• "More like the sci-fi subculture than Academia" (1)

Smoliar compares Xanadu (as described in LM) to a service "like CompuServe or The Source in which it is essentially as easy to write and publish as it is to browse and read" (34)

• The franchises are called "Silverstands"
• Instead of home computing, this is public access
• Home users can dial in to the local stand (34)

"a McDonald's style approach to managing information" (35)

"the nature of his style is such as to provoke a certain amount of skepticism on my part" (35)

Smoliar says he has "personal difficulty with some of the more libertarian ideas" (35)

• Including a lack of editors, direct publication, and unstable authorial control (35)
• Yet, Nelson elevates the act of publishing to something approaching a religious rite: "we make publication a solemn event [requiring] presumably signing a contract on something very like a credit-card triplicate split." (35)
  • Author cannot withdraw a document once it is released
  • Curiously high standard

Smoliar also balks at the lack of privacy control (36)

"Nelson's style often borders on the slovenly, in both the physical appearance of his illustrations and in his tendency to leave loose ends from his ideas dangling" (36)

Nelson 's vision is like that of Goethe's sorcerer's apprentice : i f it is allowed to proceed without any control at all, it may ultimately drown in its own good intentions

XML Transclusions: A Feasible Path

di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Vitali, F., Lumley, J. & Wiley, T. (2009). "XML Transclusions: A Feasible Path." HT '09.

The idea of transclusion has been at the same time the strength and weakness of Xanadu: some people considered it as an extremely powerful mechanism to get any version of any fragment of any document in a global shared document space, others as a very complex solution too difficult to be actually implemented and delivered.

"We believe transclusions are still worth implementing" (1)

• Investigating possibility of realizing transclusions within XML and the Web

Not trying to rebuild Xanadu in XML but to bring some "xanalogical functionality" to xml

"Nelson and his team proposed Transliterature[8] a revision of the original Xanadu project built on newer technologies." (2)

Maintain the division between "invention" and "implementation" "After several years from their invention - dated back to the early 60s - they still keep the original attractiveness and potentialities." (5)

Versioning hypermedia

Vitali, F. (1999). "Versioning hypermedia." ACM Computing Surveys, 31(4), December.

Versioning hypermedia, maintaining multiple copies with links, references

• "fundamental mechanism" of Xanadu

Several important systems throughout the long history of hypermedia have discussed, implemented, or even relied on versioning functionalities, from Nelson's Xanadu [Nelson 1987] (2)

Quote from Nelson on the need for links and a traceable history (2)

Dances with Spectres:Theorising the Cybergothic

van Elferen, I. (2009). "Dances with Spectres:Theorising the Cybergothic." Gothic studies, 11(1), pp. 99-112.

Hypertextuality, the collaborative structures of web 2.0, web 3.0’s semantic soft ware, and an exponentially growing multitude of interactive virtual life forms have not only made sure that ‘everything is deeply intertwingled’ in cyberspace, as Ted Nelson announced in 1974, but also that everything has become deeply confusing. (4)

OPEN INFORMATION POOLS

Pouwelse, J. (2000). "Open Information Pools." USENIX Annual Conference, Freenix Session, June. Retrieved from: http://www.usenix.org/event/usenix2000/freenix/pouwelse.html

Proceedings of FREENIX Track: 2000 USENIX Annual Technical Conference San Diego, California, USA, June 18–23, 2000 Johan Pouwelse

Starts with history: "Several people have dreamed of building a system that could unlock the knowledge of humanity. The MEMEX system, Xanadu, and the World Wide Web (WWW) are steps to realise that dream. Inspired by these ideas we propose a system that is one step further to the realisation of that dream." (2)

A formal description of zz-structures

Dattolo, A. & Luccio, F. L. (2009), A Formal Description of zz-structures, in Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function, pp. 7-11.

Begins with quotes from a presentation by Nelson to the Wearable Computer Conference (7)

Presents formal models of zz-structures

Refers to a number of articles on ZigZag, zz, and other "hyperstructures"

Reflections on NoteCards: Seven Issues for the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems

Halasz, F. G. (1988). "Reflections on NoteCards: Seven Issues for the Next Generation of Hypermedia Systems." Communications of the ACM, 31(7), July, pp. 836-853.

NoteCards as a "second generation hypermedia system"

• First generation: NLS, FRESS, and ZOG (840)

Cites Nelson

• "Hypermedia has been proposed as the mechanism for storing and distributing the world's entire literary output" (840)
• NoteCards differs from Xanadu because it was scoped for individuals/small groups, not global use

New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function

Vitali, F., di Iorio, A., & Blustein, J. (2009). "New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function." HT’09, June 29–July 1, 2009, Torino, Italy.

"Writing and linking" on "blogs, wikis, and mashups" as "new forms of Xanalogical editing" (389)

Overview of a workshop beginning with a keynote by TN

• Short + long papers on transclusion, Xanalogical data structures, and applications of Xanalogical ideas to Web 2.0 (389)

Goal is to find "synergies" between "original Xanalogical vision" and "recent developments of the WWW" (389)

From XML inclusions to XML Transclusions

di Iorio, A. & Lumley, J. (2009). "From XML inclusions to XML Transclusions." HT’09, Torino, Italy, June 29-July 1.

Another technical article from

Angelo Di Iorio John Lumley

"Our main inspiration is the Xanadu project and the concept of transclusions." (147)

50 Years After "As We May Think"

Simpson, R., Renear, A., Mylonas, E., & van Dam, A. (1996). "50 Years After 'As We May Think'." Interactions, March.

Rosemary Simpson; Allean Renear, Elli Mylonas, and Andries Van Dam Interactions, March 1996

October 12-13, 1995 at MIT

• Featuring Engelbart, Nelson, Bob Kahn, TBL, Michael Lesk, Negroponte, Raj Reddy, Lee Sproull, Alan Kay
• Douglas Adams also spoke here

Evidence of Bush's legacy, "most obviously in the work of Engelbart, Nelson, and Kay" (48)

"Ted Nelson was always media-intensive. In 1960 he took a computer course and saw a chance to create a new world of interactive media — a new fusion of literature and movies, based on arbitrary constructs, interconnection and correspondence. Since then he has worked on digital media designs outside the prevailing paradigms. "

Debate between Nelson and TBL about "the best methods of protecting author rights" (54)

Nelson also came out against collaboration:

"The fundamental difference between my wonderful and very great stepfather Douglas Engelbart and myself is that he wanted to empower working groups and I just wanted to be left alone and given the equipment and basically to empower smart individuals and keep them from being dragged down by group stupidity. The amazing thing is that our designs have converged to some degree, showing, I think, the fundamental validity of this whole approach." (61)

Reference agian to Kurosawa, Rashomon

Beyond the Traditional Domains of Hypermedia

Millard, D. E., Michaelides, D. T., De Roure, D., & Weal, M. J. (2002). "Beyond the Traditional Domains of Hypermedia" In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Open Hypermedia Systems Core Concepts and Research Directions, Pre-Conference Workshop at the ACM 13th International Conference on Hypertext and hypermedia (HT'02) (June 2002), pp. 26-32.

Thinking through structures of different hypermedia models

• Citation to Literary Machines for Xanalogical thinking

Freenet-like GUIDs for Implementing Xanalogical Hypertext

Lukka, T. J. & Fallenstein, B. (2002). "Freenet-like GUIDs for Implementing Xanalogical Hypertext." HT’02, June.

(Lukka and Fallenstein also coded the ZigZag prototype available on the web)

Adapting Freenet content hash Globally Unique IDs to implement a p2p Xanadu, transclusion

• SHA-1 unique hashes

Nelson[9] argues that conventional software, unable to reflect such interconnectivity of documents, is unsuited to most human thinking and creative work. (1)

The Words of Cyberspace

Starrs, P. F. & Anderson, J. (1997). "The Words of Cyberspace." The Geographical Review, 87 (a): i46-isa, April.

Glossary

"In the mid-1960s, Ted Nelson envisioned a system of branching texts..."

• "The idea dates back to 1945, but it was Nelson who came closest to bringing hypertext to fruition - until the Web came along" (150-151)

History of Information Science

Buckland, M. & Liu, Z. (1998). "History of Information Science" in Historical Studies in Information Science (Eds. Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Michael Buckland.) Medford, NJ: Information Today.

This is an early version of the bibliography section of a literature review "History of Information Science" by Michael Buckland and Ziming Liu on pages 272-295 of Historical Studies in Information Science, by Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Michael Buckland. (Published for the American Society for Information Science by Information Today, Inc., Medford, NJ, 1998.). It includes items through 1994. An earlier version was published in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology vol. 30 (1995): 385-416.

"Conventional account" (6)

• Focuses on Nelson and Engelbart
• "With Vannevar Bush and H.G. Wells cited as inspirational figures"

Multimedia and Hypermedia HARTIGAN (1993b) summarizes ideas about multimedia over the past 30 years. Writings on hypertext, non-linear writing that gives the reader liberty of movement, have long given a conventional account of its origin and the their development by Ted Nelson and Doug Engelbart, with Vannevar Bush and H. G. Wells cited as inspirational figures (e.g., ELLIS; GIORGIO; KINNELL & FRANKLIN; RAMAIAH). But a much longer and more complex history of hypertext has now emerged. RAYWARD (1994a; 1994b, reprinted here) has shown not only that hypertext notions predate Vannevar Bush and H. G. Wells but that Paul Otlet's "monographic principle" was essentially a form of hypertext and that the Institute for International Bibliography in Brussels was using a (very labor-intensive) hypertext-based information system to answer queries early in the 20th century, long before digital computers. An important study by SERRES reconstructs the history of hypertext in five strands: In computing since the 1960s; in techniques developed in documentation; in printing techniques used to support non-linear perusal of books; in utopian schemes for universal knowledge; and in techniques of memorization.

• HARTIGAN, JOHN M. 1993b. Multimedia: The Marriage Broker for Television and Computers. CDROM Professional. 1993 May; 6(3): 69-71. ISSN: 1049-0833.
• ELLIS, DAVID. 1991. Hypertext: Origins and Use. International Journal of Information Management. 1991 March; 11(1): 5-13. ISSN: 0268-4012.
• GIORGIO, C.D. 1992. Un Introduzione agli Ipertesti e ai Sistemi Pertestuali [An Introduction to Hypertext and Hypertext Systems]. L'Indicizzazione. 1992 January-June; 7(1): 27-42.
• KINNELL, SUSAN K.; FRANKLIN, CARL. 1992. Hypercard and Hypertext: A New Technology for
• the 1990s. In: Kent, Allen, ed. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 49. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1992. 278-295. ISBN: 0-8247-2049-0.
• RAMAIAH, C.K. 1992. An Overview of Hypertext and Hypermedia. International Information, Communication & Education. 1992 March; 11(1): 26-42. ISSN: 0973-1850.
• RAYWARD, W. BOYD. 1994a. Some Schemes for Restructuring and Mobilising Information in Documents: A Historical Perspective. Information Processing & Management. 1994; 30(2): 163-175. ISSN: 0306-4573.
• RAYWARD, W. BOYD. 1994b. Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 1994 May; 45(4): 235-250. ISSN: 0002-8231.
• SERRES, ALEXANDRE. 1995. Hypertexte: Une histoire à revisiter. {Hypertext: A history to be revisited.] Documentaliste (France). 1995; 32(2): 71-83. (In French). ISSN: 0012-4508.

Web authoring: a closed case?

di Iorio, A. & Vitali, F. (2005). "Web authoring: A closed case?" HICSS '05 Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Track 4, Volume 4.

Presenting IsaWiki as a browser-based editor angling towards the promises of Xanadu, xanalogical storage

Creating trails and assembling fragments into new documents:

• "A use that has been foreseen and described by Vannevar Bush, Ted Nelson, and more recently HunterGatherer."(1)

Goal of this project and related is to create Xanadu by furnishing the web with Xanadu features that were too complex initially (3)

Why Hypermedia Systems are Important

Maurer, H. (1992). "Why Hypermedia Systems are Important." ICCAL '92 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Assisted Learning. Retrieved from: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=646263.685608

IIG (Institutes for Information Processing), Graz University of Technology, Austrian Computer Society and Joanneum Research, Schieszstattg. 4a, A-8010 Graz, Austria emaih hmaurer,iicm.tu-graz.ac.at

Argument: "the original vision of hypertext pioneers in North America and Europe that a non-linear widely distributed corpus of information accessible "everywhere by everyone" is still very much alive and becoming more and more a reality" (1)

Not intended to be a comprehensive history (2)

• Bush/Memex
• Engelbart/NLS

North America

• Ted Nelson/Xanadu, "efforts to implement [...] Xanadu on a large scale have not been entirely successful, yet his ideas have inspired many researchers. His flamboyant personality and rhetoric have done much to spread the gospel of hypertext" (2)
  • Also suggests that his showmanship may be cause for some skepticism that hypermedia is "hype"
• Several academic projects housed at universities
  • Minnesota/Gopher
• Apple/HyperCard, popularization of hypertext (3)

Hypercard has become almost synonymous to hypermedia systems, at least for some people. Let us emphasize that we do not subscribe to this point of view: a genuine hypermedia system must support a large number of users on a networked basis.

• Pre-WWW, HyperCard was the target

Europe

• Sam Fedida and videotex as a mass, generally accessible hypermedia system
• Hyper-G
• Nestor/Hector
• World Wide Web, W3, WWW (note: Europe)

Two big examples with separate problems:

• Videotex - widely accessible, poor UI, low bandwidth
• HyperCard - great media, no network

Universal availability of large hypermedia data-bases may be less science-fiction than it sounds: with lap-top computers soon integrated via cellular telephones into a global communication network this would be quite feasable. (5)

An Interdisciplinary Bibliography for Computers and the Humanities Courses

Ehrlich, H. (1991). "An Interdisciplinary Bibliography for Computers and the Humanities Courses." Computers and the Humanities 25, pp. 315-326.

Recommends Computer Lib/ Dream Machines

• Not Literary Machines (first published 1980, 9 editions, last in 1993)

Literary Machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom (1981), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California.

Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey

Conklin, J. (1987). "Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey." Computer, 20(9), September. doi:10.1109/MC.1987.1663693

Refers to Nelson as "one of the pioneers of hypertext" and uses his definition, "nonlinear text ... which cannot be printed conveniently on a conventional page" (1?)

"Hypertext is not so much a new idea as an evolving conception of the possible applications of the computer" (20)

Survey of "macro literary systems" in chronological order:

• Bush/Memex
• Engelbart/NLS
• Nelson/Xanadu
• Trigg/Textnet; later PARX/NoteCards
• Rittel/IBIS
• Lowe/SYNVIEW
• UNC/WE

Quote Nelson: "Under guiding ideas which are not technical but literary..." (23)

"The long range goal of the Xanadu project has been facilitating the revolutionary process of placing the entire world's literary corpus on line" (23)

• "Nelson predicts that the advent of on-line libraries will create a whole new market for the organization and indexing of this immense information store" (23)

Article claims that the "back end of the Xanadu system has been implemented in Unix" and that a "crude front end" is available for Sun workstations (23)

In conclusion, mentions "one more book" belonging to the "literature on hypertext": Neuromance

• The matrix is described as "the ultimate hypertext system", fully immersive, three-dimensional (24)
• Compares it to Nelson's "hypermedia"
• Ties it back to Memex as a "powerful extension of the human mind, just as Vannevar Bush envisioned ... four decades ago" (24)

References:

T.H. Nelson. Getting it out of Our System." Information Retrieval: A Critical REview, G. Schechter. Thompson Books, Wash. DC 1967

V. Bush, "As We May Think." Atlantic, Monthly, July 1945: pp 101-108

D.C. Engelbart. "A Conceptual Framework for the Augmentation of Man's Intellect" in Vistas in Information Handling, Vol. I, Spartan Books, London, 1963.

D. C. Engelbart and W.K. English, "A research center for augmenting human intellect," AFIPS Conf. Proc., Vol. 33, Part 1, The Thompson Book Company, Washington, DC. 1968

T.H. Nelson. "Replacing the Printed Word: A A Complete Literary System," IFIP Proc., October 1980, pp. 1013-1023

Handling the Information Stored in the Audio Documents

Canazza, S. & Dattolo, A. (2009). "The Past Through the Future: A Hypermedia Model for Handling the Information Stored in the Audio Documents." Journal of New Music Research, 38(4), pp. 381-396. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09298210903388947

http://sole.dimi.uniud.it/~antonina.dattolo/

More work on zz-structures by Dattolo

The abstract says that it is "adopting Vannevar Bush's point of view"

• Opens with lengthy quote from As We May Think

Introduction: Media and Cultural Memory

Möckel-Rieke, H. (1998). "Introduction: Media and Cultural Memory." Amerikastudien / American Studies, 43(1), pp. 5-17.

Digital media, cultural memory, counter-memory

Digitization of "traces of lost or suppressed histories of diverse social and ethnic groups" (9)

Nelson, Xanadu, and "docuverse" as a "utopian" vision of preservation and digital media

• "All written documents, all films and photographs interconnectable and accessbile on the mere pressing of a button"
• "More democratic access to knowledge"

History, in footnote:

• Bush/Memex
• Van Dam, Storyspace (HES?), Brown University

Actual citation is to Literary Machines (1992)

• Recent publication brought it back into the conversation

The World Wide Web owes much to Nelson's and Bush's visionary ideas, al- though Nelson's two predominant ideas could not be realized, namely that every document should basically exist only once in the docuverse, and that every calling up of that document should go hand in hand with a monetary transaction. (9)

Comparison of ADD to a "modern, machine-related form of amnesia" (9)

The "dystoipan" is represented by SF, specifically Orwell/Bradbury/cyberpunk

• As well as Kittler, "Protected Mode," Computer als Medium, ed. Norbert Bolz, Friedrich Kittler, and Christoph Tholen (München: Fink, 1994) 209-20.

Fearful Circuitry: Landow's Hypertext

Moulthrop, S. (1994). "Fearful Circuitry: Landow's Hypertext." Computers and the Humanities, 28(1), pp. 53-62.

Review of: Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology by George P.Landow Review by: Stuart Moulthrop Computers and the Humanities, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1994), pp. 53-62

"Digital convergence" of literature and computing

• Nelson's presentation to the Hypertext conference of 1987: Xanadu as a "hypertextual Library of Babel"

But it didn't work out as Nelson hoped

• Xanadu didn't happen (yet?)
• HyperCard "did not initiate a boom in hypertextual publishing" (it didn't? Is this contra Rosenzweig?)
• Multimedia, CD-ROMs

Describes two "jeremiads" delivered by Nelson at the 1993 Hypertext conference

• One a lament on the development of the information industry away from the vision of hypertext as a popular medium, broadly accessible
• Another, "Ted Nelson rose to lament the "academic back- water" that has begun to encroach on hypertext." (53)
  • A "recoil from theory" (54)

Moulthrop says that Landow's book is essential

• Jay David Bolter's equally essential Writing Space

Landow joins Nelson and Derrida, Barthes and Van Dam (55)

Interesting discussion about the construction of a "field" on 58-59

• See also Turner "Reading Minds" and the argument that literary studies needs to go "back to basics"

"we cannot look to the military-industrial gravy train as the salvation of the humanities; that train no longer runs" (62)

Neighbor Selection and Recommendations in Social Bookmarking Tools

Dattolo, A., Ferrara, F., & Tasso, C. (2009). "Neighbor Selection and Recommendations in Social Bookmarking Tools." 2009 Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. doi:10.1109/ISDA.2009.245

Article about improving social bookmarking sites by locating neighbors

• Suggests using "zz-structures" a la Nelson

Other articles but the same authors on the zz-structure: “A formal description of zigzag structures,” in Proc. of the Workshop on New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function, in connection with the 20th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, Torino, Italy, June 2009, pp. 7– 11. [16] ——, “A state-of-art survey on zigzag structures,” in Proc. of the Workshop on New Forms of Xanalogical Storage and Function, in connection with the 20th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, Torino, Italy, June 2009, pp. 1– 6.

And by Tuomas Lukka, "A Gentle Introduction to Ted Nelson's ZigZag Structure" http://www.nongnu.org/gzz/gi/gi.html

Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong

Lowood, H. (2009). "Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 31(3), pp. 5-19. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.53

Following discussion of Altair 8800 and Intel 4004,

• Engelbart and Nelson "had already begun to ponder the impact of computing on human potential" (9)
• Includes quote regarding "computer liberation" from computer lib

Reference to Nelson's field reports and the prevalance of video games (esp. Spacewar) (9)

Nelson provided a voice to those who proposed to move advanced text, graphics, networking, and other computer technologies out of academic laboratories to make them available to everyone. (9)

Footnote challenges simple causality:

According to Al Alcorn, the Atari group did not hear about Nelson until the late 1970s, and ‘‘lots of people had ideas but no one . . . built any working machines’’ (email correspondence, Aug. 2005).

A Maze of Twisty Little Passages, All Alike: Aesthetics and Teleology in Interactive ComputerFictional Environments

Kelley, R. T. (1993). "A Maze of Twisty Little Passages, All Alike: Aesthetics and Teleology in Interactive ComputerFictional Environments." Science Fiction Studies, 20(1), March, pp. 52-68.

Opens with two quotes:

• Calvino
• Nelson, "All simulation is political"

Argument: IF can be a tool that "helps its user to envision new worlds"

• (Is the "user" here the author, reader or both?)

Interactive fiction at its best actualizes what Roland Barthes called the 'writerly" text, that text which suggests or demands that the reader participate in the production of mean- ing, "the novelistic without the novel" (S/Z 5)

Contrast of hyperfiction (branching) from IF (parser) (65)

The Road to Xanadu: Public and Private Pathways on the History Web

Rosenzweig, R. (2001). "The Road to Xanadu: Public and Private Pathways on the History Web." The Journal of American History, 88(2), September, pp. 548-579.

Follow up to the previous review of internet histories

Begins with anecdote about Nelson's presentation to ACM in 1965, introducing the term "hypertext"

Nelson, "an inveterate coiner of terms"

Contra Wolf's article, Rosenzweig suggests that the WWW is starting to resemble Nelson's imagined Xanadu

"If the road ahead leads to Xanadu.com rather than Xanadu.edu, what will the future of the past look like?" (550)

Bell & Howell have a project called "XanEdu"

• Courseware ($) http://www.xanedu.com/
• No connection to Nelson?

Describes Nelson's Xanadu as "free and open" which doesn't quite fit with the details found in Dream Machines regarding ownership, permission, and franchising

But he does reference Snow Crash as an example of a dystopia in which everything is privately owned

On pg 577, sets up,

• Nelson:utopia::Stephenson:dystopia

History tells us that change comes much more slowly and unevenly than most visionaries would like (578)

Closes with a note of caution regarding the realization of Xanadu - it has everything you might want but "only at and for a heavy price"

• Advocates for open access position
• What would a more thorough engagement with the copyright/licensing aspect of Xanadu have yielded?

Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet

Rosenzweig, R. (1998). "Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet." The American Historical Review, 103(5), December, pp. 1530-1552.

Nelson as author of "the self-published manifesto of counterculture computing" within the Levy narrative, reference to Wolf's Wired article (1545)

Accidental Machines

Punt, M. (1998). "Accidental Machines: The Impact of Popular Participation in Computer Technology." Design Issues, 14(1), Spring, pp. 54-80.

Bush/Memex, "A fully working version of the MEMEX was never built" (67)

Douglas Englebart, NLS

• "One of the people who developed Bush's original idea" (68)
• Remarkable how often it is misspelled

A new profession of "trailblazers" (as he called them) would be formed of people able to bundle links together in a predetermined web, so that specialist scientists could follow their own threads, unencumbered by irrele- vant material.

Ted Nelson, "a media analyst" (68)

• "Concerned with wide public use of computer technology" (68)
• Public access centers

The extent to which Xanadu was ever a realizable project, or simply a platform for visionary engagement with a new technology, is something of a question, but as it became a technical and economic possibility, it was increasingly hampered by issues of copyright and intellectual property. Details of the system of data verification and credit payments to authors overtook the vision of his proposal for an inter- national information-rich culture. By the time it appeared that Xanadu might finally satisfy the lawyers and accountants, the polit- ical decision to enable wider public access to the Internet had already been taken. (68)

• "visionary"
• "possibility"
• "[Xanadu] was completely eclipsed" (69)

"The extension of Nelson's original idea to hypermedia, also was not computer-based technology, but a videodisk project developed in the Media Lab at MIT." (69)

• Error: this was thoroughly described in Dream Machines

MIT Aspen Movie Map, videodisk, nonlinear

Mac HyperCard, "launching a culture of 'third party' (independent) Apple software developers" (69)

Ted Nelson had correctly intuited a consensus around the idea of shared intellectual property programming community, but Macintosh's HyperCard software provided a concrete resource to express this ideal in informal, low-capital soft- ware development. (69)

There was not a single "big idea" that lead to hypermedia but, like many of the nineteenth century achievements in the natural sciences, the development of computer software was the outcome of the steady accretion of the efforts of individuals and small groups of programmers, who were essentially working on an amateur basis (in the field of computer science at least), and who were willing to freely share their findings. This is contrary to the generally accepted "romance" histories that explain technological change in terms of the dedicated and visionary genius of individuals like Bill Gates. (70)

• (of course, the mythology of bill gates doesn't quite match the reality. BASIC as a product is one that enabled a software industry...)

Writing Cyberculture

Gere, C. (1999). "Writing Cyberculture." Oxford Art Journal, 22(1), pp 149-157.

Round up of book reviews including Haraway, Plant

"Hypertext is a term coined by the computer pioneer Ted Nelson [...] Nelson was teh first to put a name to such an idea though its principles are described by Vannevar Bush [...] and developed by Douglas Engelbart" (150)

Computer Lib/Dream Machines as a "computer libertarian manifesto" (150)

Tech(xt)s (2000)

Malmud, A. D. (2000). "Tech(xt)s." IEEE MultiMedia archive, 7(4), October. doi:10.1109/93.895148

1070-986X/00/$10.00 © 2000 IEEE

Artful Media

A. Deborah Malmud W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

"The roots of hypertext date back to 1945", Bush/Memex

• "Bush's memex (memory extender) was never built, though he pioneered the notion of mechanized, variegated narrative" (6)

"By the time Ted Nelson coined the term 'hypertext' in the mid-1960s, there had already been at least 60 years of nonmechanized literary experimentation with nonsequential narrative"

• "Little more than a mechanical embodiment of a longstanding literary tradigion"

Engelbart/NLS; Nelson/Xanadu

• Neither found widespread use

More citations to other types of experimental/hypertext writing and literature

• Hypertext
• IF

Preparing the Technical Communicator of the Future (1990)

Little, S. B. (1990). "Preparing the Technical Communicator of the Future." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 33(1), March.

Distributed data bases...

Hypertext and hypermedia, words coined by Ted Nelson in the 1960s (29)

HyperCard; Guide (from Owl International)

Transclusions in an HTML-Based Environment (2006)

Kolbitsch J., and Maurer, H. (2006). "Transclusions in HTML-Based Environments." Journal of Computing and Information Technology, 14(2), pp. 161-173. doi:10.2498/cit.2006.02.07

"Nelson argues that cut-and-paste is not what people actually want to do but that it is a restriction imposed upon authors by the nature of paper." (162)

Quotes and references from Nelson are woven throughout this paper...

Suggests introducing a text tag that will include start position and number of characters as a list comprehension

Uses Wayback Machine and Google Cache to retrieve changed or missing documents

Understanding the Web as a network of documents with discrete authors, e.g. "authors of modified transclusion sources should be notified that the content they virtually included into their articles might not be suitable anymore, and that it has to be reviewed."

Rather than the general-purpose software infrastructure that it is becoming

ABOUT THE INTERNET IMAGINARY AND ITS EVOLUTION

Malbreil, X. (2007). "About the internet imaginary and its evolution." Revista Texto Digital, 3(1). Retrieved from: http://journal.ufsc.br/index.php/textodigital/article/view/1397

Xavier Malbreil Université de Toulouse II Toulouse, França xavier.malbreil@free.fr <REVISTA TEXTO DIGITAL> ISSN 1807-9288 - ano 3 n.1 2007 – http://www.textodigital.ufsc.br/

This is a history of the "internet imaginary"

Starting with Jules Verne description of Paris in 1960 (from 1860) as blanketed by "photographic telegraphy" wires (2)

Paul Otlet, "telepicture book", readable from far distance (2)

Paul Valéry, "works will acquire a kind of ubiquity" (2)

Ted Nelson, "carried its[sic] invention in the form of a daydream with the baroque name of Xanadu" (3)

• Recognizing Xanadu as a "polysemous word" referencing Kublai Khan, Citizen Kane, Mandrake, etc.

Imaginary "is beside reality" (4)

• "It circulates in parallel, and re-appears constantly"

Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-Structuralist Critical Theory, Social Studies of Science and Software (1994)

Edwards, P. N. (1994). "Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-Structuralist Critical Theory, Social Studies of Science and Software." Social Studies of Science, 24, pp. 229. DOI: 10.1177/030631279402400203. Retrieved from: http://sss.sagepub.com/content/24/2/229

Connecting intertextuality ("this hyperactive, social aspect of language products") to social construction of scientific knowledge. "inscription devices, discourse repertoires and the textualization of heterogeneous resources", hypertext as a site

Argument: "hypertext and AI are hyper texts" (230)

Hypertext history in ideas:

• Bush/Memex - Engelbart/NLS - Nelson/'hypertext' (230-1)
• No mention of Xanadu

Hypertext as software technology

• HyperCard (231)

Web architecture and information management History lecture slides (2011)

Wilde, E. & Mahendran, D. (2011). "Web Architecture and Information Management." Lecture slides from INFO 153, UC Berkeley School of Information, Spring. Retrieved from: http://dret.net/lectures/web-spring11/history

Web Architecture and Information Management Spring 2011 — INFO 153 (CCN 42509) Erik Wilde and Dilan Mahendran, UC Berkeley School of Information 2011-01-24

"Early visions" Diderot, Otlet, Ostwald, Wells, Goldberg, Bush

"Hypertext systems"

• Xanadu
• NLS
• NoteCards (PARC)
• HyperCard

Hypertext as an active area of academic/industrial research through the 80s

• Leading to ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia in 1987
• Web did not arise out of this work

Gopher, U of Minn, 1991

• Popular at universities from 1991-1993

WWW

A Xanalogical Collaborative Editing Environment

di Iorio, A. & Vitali, F. (2003). "A Xanalogical Collaborative Editing Environment." Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Web Document Analysis.

XanaWord allows users to create personal variants of web pages and edit them through a popular tool such as MS Word. The system manages versioning, change tracking and universal editing access in a manner rather similar to Xanadu, the pioneering hypertext project of Ted Nelson. (47)

Hypertext studies concerned with the distinction between reader/author (47)

Finally, by hypertext macro-system we mean an universal environment in which everyone can access, read, re-use, modify and comment any material of other users, tailoring it to his/her own purpose. Basically no such system ever existed, and the whole category was invented to describe Ted Nelson's Xanadu [15], an ambitious idea which unfortunately never came to exist. (47)

Xanadu is probably the most influential vaporware of the computing history. A system never quite finished, never published, that only a few people had the chance to see running; later rendered obsolete by the birth of the World Wide Web, Xanadu is better known through Literary machines [15], and a few papers in specialized magazines..

This is a paper that understands Xanadu to be a software project with Nelson as a designer and his writing to be design documents, albeit unusual

Histories, Heritages, and the Past: The Case of Emanuel Goldberg (2002)

Buckland, M. L. (2002). "Histories, Heritages, and the Past: The Case of Emanuel Goldberg." Preprint of paper forthcoming in the proceedings of Second Conference on the History and Heritage of Scientific and Technical Information Systems, Philadelphia, November 15-17, 2002. Retrieved from: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/goldchf.pdf

Revised February 27, 2003. Published version may differ slightly. HISTORIES, HERITAGES, AND THE PAST: THE CASE OF EMANUEL GOLDBERG Michael K. Buckland

Recovering the work of Emanuel Goldberg (1881-1970) in the production of microdogs, microfilm retrieval technology (1)

Bush was denied a patent for the Rapid Selector (a real tech on which the Memex was based...) because Goldberg held a patent for the same device (3)

J. Edgar Hoover reported on microdot and said that a prof named Zapp at the Technical University of Dresden invented it, this error was repeated many times (4)

How did Bush's "As We May Think" capture so many imaginations?

• "Well-written. Stimulates the reader's imagination to go beyond the technology on which it was based. The mythical memex became a symbol of what might one day be achieved if only one were inventive enough, an image of potentitiality in formation retrieval research and development."
• "Inspiration" for Engelbart and Nelson (5)

See: Smith on citation of As We May Think

Invoking the Memex is a "cultural and political gesture rather than an ordinary technical acknowledgement"

Other names less commonly cited (6):

• Wilhelm Ostwald, "devoted his Nobel prize money to promoting hypertext"
• Paul Otlet, founder of "International Federation for Documentation"
• Watson Davis of Science Service, "tireless advocate o microfilm"
• James Bryce, Chief Scientist at IBM, "built up IBM's patent holdings in electronics and personally received patents for rapid selector technology"
• H.G. Wells, "World Brain"
• Goldberg, worked on rapid selector in late 1920s-30s

Disciplines and professional fields do not necessarily evolve smoothly and the Second World War marked a profound discontinuity on the development of information services and technology. Stated simply, what had been called “Documentation” was eclipsed by “Information Science.” New and different groups addressed the same kind of problems but with new technologies and in new contexts, without much recognition of the technical and intellectual continuities (Buckland 1996)

Assumption in the US that information science was a new field, native to the US, and European work prior to 1945 was lost, forgotten, ignored (6)

Goldberg destroyed many of his papers before death (7)

Also a challenge in nomenclature:

• Goldberg called his device a "statistical machine"
  • Didn't come up in patent searches for "information retrieval" or "rapid selector"
• Primarily published in the photographic literature

The primary documentation of Goldberg’s professional life was lost in the bombing of Dresden on February 13-14, 1945, when Zeiss Ikon’s headquarters was destroyed. Later, the records of his laboratory in Palestine were destroyed in a flood.

Link to Goldberg's patent, United States Patent US1838389: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1838389.pdf

More from Buckland's site: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/goldbush.html

State of the Art Review on Hypermedia Issues and Applications

Balasubramanian, V. (1994). "State of the Art Review on Hypermedia Issues and Applications." Reprinted in hypermedia by Paul van Tillburg (2006). Retrieved from: http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/chapter1/systemsPeople/xanadu.html

Bush/Memex-Englebart/NLS-Nelson/Xanadu

Systems and people

• Memex
• NLS/Augment
• Xanadu

Since conventional file systems are not adequate to implement such a system, Project Xanadu has focused much of its attention on the re-design and re-implementation of file systems. This, in turn, required the creation of a whole new operating system incorporating a hypertext engine. The back-end for the system was scheduled to be released on Sun Workstations during 1992. -- http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/chapter1/systemsPeople/xanadu.html

Nice bibliography for pre-Web hypertext

• http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/references.html

The Evolution of Hypertext Link Services (1999)

Carr, L., Hall, W. & De Roure, D. (1999). "The Evolution of Hypertext Link Services." ACM Computing Surveys 31(4), December. Retrieved from: http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/ACM_HypertextTestbed/papers/19.html

Bush/Memex - Nelson/Xanadu

• Bush: "parasitic on the existing network of research libraries"
• Nelson: "whole new computer network of 'xanalogical storage' with associated franchise opportunities"

Review of various "link services" Links stored separately from documents, in some cases referencing regions within documents Different types of relationships than links between anchors

Tim J. Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, Jean-FranÁois Groff, and Bernd Pollermann. "World-Wide Web: The information Universe" in Electronic Networking: Research, Applications and Policy, 2(1):52-58, 1992.

Future Visions of Common-Use Hypertext: introduction to a special issue (2004)

Narrative based on: Bush -to- Nelson -to- Englebart

"Famously, the first paper on HTML was rejected from the Hypertext conference of the time as 'not hypertextual enough'. This view, and its implications, have followed us since, as the Web seems to have proved that HTML/HTTP is just hypertextual enough."

Three key citations:

• Bush, Vannevar (1945) "As we may think". The Atlantic Monthly, 176(1): July, 101-108 http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm
• Nelson, Theodore H. (1987) Computer Lib/Dream Machines (Microsoft Press: Redmond, WA)
• The Demo (of the online system (NLS) by Douglas C. Engelbart et al. on December 9, 1968, in the Augmentation Research Center, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA) http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html

The Open Society and its Media

Mark S. Miller, E. Dean Tribble, Ravi Pandya, and Marc Stiegler Xanadu Operating Company

Proceedings of the 1992 First General Conference on Nanotechnology: Development, Applications, and Opportunities.

Explaing fundamentals of Xandu in 1995 Lots of illustrations The WidgetPerfect saga Describes a system that is implemented as a "working, portable server" No interserver linking

Writing the Web (2004)

Angelo di Iorio and Fabio Vitali "Ted Nelson's Xanadu remains an influential example of the way a world wide hypertext system should have been, allowing free access to hypertext pages for content customization and editing. This is still impossible or unacceptably difficult on the World Wide Web. Yet, the Web cannot be replaced, given the amount of data and tools that rely on its basic protocols and languages. The vision presented here is of an evolution of the Web where, within the current framework of technologies and tools, every Web page can be edited and customized, links can be created, and collaboration can be set up." Although hypertext never quite emerged in the form envisioned by Nelson, the World Wide Web came into being as a simplification of Xanadu in terms of functionalities, but not of scale (Bieber et al. 1997). Web -> Xanadu is web as a "publishing/editing macro system" Focus on "integrated payment system" "Separation of content and presentation" "Transpublishing" Anticipating some of what is called "Web 2.0", blogging/wiki

• What is extant that reflects aspects of Xanadu?

"Reassurances of fair use, correct presentation of modifications, and fair management of copyright royalties could help is calming the legitimate fears of content providers. Maybe, had Tim Berners-Lee considered transclusion as a fundamental functionality right from the beginning, as he did for links, the idea of user customization may already have been accepted and part of the very idea of a hypertext system." The Web needs to be writable

Engines of Creation (1986)

Drexler, K. E. (1986). Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Anchor Books: New York. Retrieved from: http://e-drexler.com/p/06/00/EOC_Cover.html

Memex-Xanadu

"Once a bad idea reaches print, it takes on a life of its own, and even its author can seldom drive a stake through its heart. A devastating refutation of the bad idea becomes just another publication, another scrap of paper. Days or years later, readers who encounter the bogus idea will still be unlikely to have chanced upon its refutation. Thus, nonsense lives on and on. Only with the advent of hypertext will critics be able to plant their barbs firmly in the meat of their targets. Only with hypertext will authors be able to retract their errors, not by burning all the libraries or by mounting a massive publicity campaign, but by revising their text and labeling the old version "retracted." Authors will be able to eat their words quietly; this will give them some compensation for the fiercer criticism. "

Hypertext Publishing and the Evolution of Knowledge

K. Eric Drexler http://e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Hypertext/HPEK1.html Social Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.87-120 (1991);

Nelson specified requirements for a hypertext publishing medium that will "support the evolution of knowledge effectively"

Only Memex [12], NLS/Augment [13], Xanadu [6], and Textnet [5] are described as being (existing or proposed) 'macro literary systems', a category that includes hypertext publishing systems.

• 1986, http://paul.luon.net/hypermedia/chapter1/systemsPeople/textnet.html

If "Reality is the Best Metaphor," It Must Be Virtual (1997)

Waller http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/diacritics/v027/27.3waller.html

"Ted Nelson, who coined the term hypertext to describe what he imagined would be a heterogeneous space of nonrandom intertextuality, warns that the evolving paradigm of the World Wide Web, in which any location can be connected with any other, models thinking as an ultimately meaningless mass of logically circular "spaghetti code.""

Pushing Back: Living and Writing in Broken Space(1997)

Stuart Moulthrop

Once upon a time, globally networked, computer-mediated communication seemed a genuinely radical notion. In the 1960s and '70s, advocates like Stewart Brand, Howard Rheingold, and, above all, Ted Nelson foresaw electronic publishing as the cardinal technology of a decentered, populist information culture. When this vision reached research labs at companies like SRI, Xerox, and IBM, not to mention a certain garage in Silicon Valley, it helped spur development of personal computers, which in turn nurtured the emerging Internet (see De Landa). Unlike some prophecies of the time, the development of cybertext seemed by the early '80s a viable prospect. Within ten years the visionaries were joined by designers and implementers, including Bill Atkinson, chief programmer of Apple's HyperCard, Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, and Jay David Bolter, software developer and cultural theorist.

More meaningful engagement with Nelson's ideas regarding the limitations of one-way hyperlinks in HTML

• "On the World Wide Web, links are, in Ted Nelson's phrase, "divingboards into the darkness" ("Where the Trail")."

Bridging the Gulfs: From Hypertext to Cyberspace(1997)

Begins with a PK Dick quote:

Thoughts of the Brain are experienced by us as arrangements and rearrangements--change--in a physical universe; but in fact it is really information and information processing that we substantialize. We do not merely see its thoughts as objects, but rather as movement, or, more precisely, the placement of objects: how they become linked to one another. But we cannot read the patterns of arrangement; we cannot extract the information in it--i.e. it as information, which is what it is. The linking and relinking of objects by the Brain is actually a language, but not a language like ours (since it is addressing itself and not someone or something outside itself).

http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/bardini.html

Proposes a contrast in early conceptualizations of hypertext:

• "associationist"
• "connectionist"

"a sociological perspective on hypertext"

Nelson + Engelbart working in similar directions but with different paradigms

• Nelson's vision is of a "literary tool that enables the author of a text to extend his or her text to the multiple and successive versions of it, in order to compare them."
• Engelbart: "based on the assumption that language is more than symbolic representation, better seen as a social construction. "

For Nelson, hypertext is a fundamental tool for individual creativity, and for Engelbart, hypertext is a necessary capability of a system designed to improve communication. These two alternatives parallel two different conceptions of the user, seen either as a creative individual or as a member of a community in a human organization.

Historiography:

• Bush on "association" in Memex
• An acknowledged influence on both DE and TN

Benjamin Lee Whorf on "connection"

• A less-commonly acknowledged influence
• Connection is more about the communication of ideas

There were thus two cultures, two world-views at the origin of hypertext. The first is represented by Ted Nelson and his Xanadu Project, aiming at facilitating individual literary creativity. The second is represented by Douglas Engelbart and his NLS system, a support for group collaboration. [...] The network-based systems are the children or the grand-children of Ted Nelson's Xanadu, and the outline-based systems are those of Douglas Engelbart's NLS.

Hypertext '87 Keynote Address

Andries van Dam

• Also attended Swarthmore
• http://www.cs.brown.edu/~avd/

For more from this event, see: http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/home.html

http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/HT_87_Keynote_Address.html

"Engelbart is the father of software engineering in the modern sense. Long before scientists such as Dijkstra and Bauer started writing about formal software engineering, Doug and his crew had been living it. This really was a bootstrap community of tool builders and tool users. So on that little timesharing system on the 940, they had meta-assemblers and compiler-compilers and ways of generating special-purpose problem-oriented languages. They had any number of tools and understood the value of building tools."

"being wordsmith and master showman par excellence and also a polemicist of the first rank"

"Ted is a self-proclaimed visionary who deserves the title,"

"He also talked about [...] all kinds of other weird and wacky ideas, some of which are workable, perhaps, some of which are not, but all of them are sure stimulating! "

"One of the most important things he taught me was that this is a new medium and you really can't be constrained to thinking about it in the old ways. Don't copy old bad habits; think about new organizations, new ways of doing things, and take advantage of this new medium. "

"One reason is there is tremendous inertia in this so-called progressive field. New ideas take forever to be popularized. "

"The other thing 1 learned was something about the art of giving demos: use progressive disclosure, don't show it to them all at once."

"Ted talks a lot about the docuverse, a mythical entity out there that is all-inclusive and contains everything. But instead, right now we are building docu-islands; none of our systems talk to each other, they are wholly incompatible. "

No War Machine

Moulthrop, 1997

https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/moulthro/essays/war_machine.html

"There are various genealogies for [hypertext] -- one line coming out of computer programming itself, through the speculations of Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart"

The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu ()

http://www.latrobe.edu.au/screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr_18/BBfr18a.html

Belina Barnet

On the "mythical dimension to Xanadu"

"Like the early hypertext pioneers Vannevar Bush and Douglas Engelbart..."

"The story of Xanadu is the greatest image of potentiality in the evolution of hypertext[2]. Nelson invented a new vocabulary to describe his vision, much of which has become integrated into contemporary hypermedia theory and practice - for instance, the words 'hypertext' and 'hypermedia'. "

Emphasis on coined terms: "As he put it in our interview, 'I think I've put more words in the dictionary than Lewis Carroll. Every significant change in an idea means a new term' (1999). Nelson came up with many significant changes, and consequently many new terms (some of which will be explained presently). "

Another way of talking about Xanadu:

• Not that it hasn't been realized (no one tried to build the Memex)
• But that it HAS been tried, numerous times, and failed
• Not one project but many many projects
• "technical evanescence"

"it is not that Xanadu has failed as vision (it has captured the imagination of a whole generation of developers, for a start), but that the vision has failed to realise itself qua technical artefact."

"Hypertext is more than just a technological shift, claims Nelson: it is an ideological overhaul of the way we read, write and learn literature."

Conflict of Nelson + Negroponte: "although it has failed to 'recover' copyright or ownership from the clutches of contemporary multimedia, Nelson's early writings certainly forecast a problem here. In 'the digital world ... [c]opyright law is totally out of date. It will probably have to break down completely before it is corrected' (Negroponte 1995, p. 58)."

"Xanadu has always been part technical design, part utopian business plan."

On PT Barnum: "Nelson's business ventures, however, have yet to meet with success. As one might assume from the previous example of Xanchises™, this could be 'because Ted packages ideas in so much... P.T. Barnum salesmanship that people distrust it' (van Dam 1999, interview)."

Nelson not widely known outside of "digerati" (insider/outsider dynamics?)

• "Nelson's influence is more indirect; all we have of Xanadu is its erotic simulacra, its ideals, its great potential."
• (Is Lanier bringing Nelson back into the light as others have done with Englebart?)
• "Visions take longer to influence the engineering world than prototypes. "

"Nelson is proposing an entirely new 'computer religion'."

"Xanadu is an 'epic of recovery' (Moulthrop 1991, p. 695) for the digital era, and it has entered into the imagination of a generation of developers. Unlike Bush's Memex, people keep trying to build the thing as it was first designed. This fact alone is evidence of its impact: technical white papers are not known for their shelf-life, but Xanadu's have thrived for over 40 years."

Where World Wide Web Went Wrong (1995)

http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jZiM77RkNBMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA27&dq=%22science+fiction%22+%22ted+nelson%22&ots=ZuXfy_GI75&sig=T-_UX_oFbFyTxnqqGHKSu-A9I9w#v=onepage&q=%22science%20fiction%22%20%22ted%20nelson%22&f=false

Andrew Pam

Explicit comparison of CL/DM to SF in 1987:

As an avid science fiction reader, my imagination had already been captured by this idea of a universally accessible computer storage and retrieval system as presented in the 1975 novel Imperial Earth by Arthur c. Clarke. But here was someone actually involved in trying to create such a system.

He and his wife KAtherine became Xanadu Australia in early 1994 after meeting with TN

Hyper-G is another hypermedia system from the Graz University of Technology "directly inspired by TEd's vision as expressed in Literary Machines"

Hub and terminal: Developing a method for textual analysis on the World Wide Web

First Monday, Volume 12 Number 11 - 5 November 2007 Christopher Paul http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2025/1891

WWW history given as "building on the ideas of early systems of linking demonstrated in ideas like Vannevar Bush's Memex and Ted Nelson's Xanadu"

The processed book

Joseph J. Esposito First Monday, Volume 8, Number 3 - 3 March 2003 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1038/959

"a speculative essay about the future of electronic texts"

References "Stevan Harnad, Alan Kay, and Ted Nelson"

The relative size of that network depends on the importance of any particular book — a small network for this essay, an enormous one for Ted Nelson's Literary Machines. It is noteworthy that such a network has in fact not sprung up around Literary Machines, despite that work's enormous importance, almost certainly as a result of the author's eccentric decision to self-publish, denying Literary Machines of the marketing clout of even a modestly-sized publisher.

Suggests that Nelson's interest in building Xanadu infrastructure distracted him from pursuing his insights into the assembly (and processing) of texts:

Ted Nelson's vision of non-linear writing closely resembles the concept of the book-as-network-node, though Nelson ultimately became devoted to building a system to enable his vision and focused less on the creation of content.

More, Faster, Better: Governance in an Age of Overload, Busyness, and Speed

David M. Levy First Monday, Special Issue #7: Command Lines: The Emergence of Governance in Global Cyberspace http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1618/1533

Today Bush is generally credited with inventing the notion of hypertext, the ability to establish links between one piece of text and another. His paper is known to have excited and motivated other researchers, including Douglas Englebart, Ted Nelson, Alan Kay, and Tim Berners–Lee, who went on to develop computational tools in the spirit of what Bush first imagined. Indeed, there is a direct chain of influence from the memex to the World Wide Web.

Technology and Pleasure: Considering Hacking Constructive

First Monday, Volume 4, Number 2 - 1 February 1999 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/647/562 Gisle Hannemyr

Invited paper for the 1997 Symposium on Pleasure and Technology, Sausalito, CA, May-5-9, 1997, a slightly shorter version was published in First Monday, Vol. 4:2, February 1999.

• http://hannemyr.com/en/oks97.php

Quoting Computer Lib to illustrate the ideology of early computer hackers

Xanadu as "the embodiment of Nelson's ideas"

• "after nearly 40 years of gestation, Xanadu is still not widely deployed for public use"
• Cites Pam for critique of WWW

Very useful quote: "Nelson's failure in getting people to Xanadu may nevertheless serve to illustrate the hacker idiom that rhetoric is inferior to practice."

"Ted Nelson is almost the typical techno-hippie-cum-entrepreneur. His rhetoric champions such progressive ideals as democracy, justice, tolerance, self-fulfillment and social liberation, but his beliefs is clearly that of free market capitalism and neo-classical economic liberalism."

Transcopyright as "an incredible complex scheme for keeping track of ownership to, and extracting royalties for, intellectual property."

• Cited as evidence of Xanadu as not being progressive (i.e., anti-copyright)

Somewhat generously inaccurate description of Xanadu as "probably [...] the first, best designed and most functional [hypertext system]"

Roger Gregory Interview at Ted Nelson Book Launch

http://www.archive.org/details/possiplexrogergregoryinterview

• Interview by Dave Marvit
• October 8, 2010

Encountered Computer Lib, excitedly quit job moved to Swarthmore crew

• Designed a system, implemented more or less by 1988
• Running Xanadu "as a volunteer organization for almost 10 years"

Gregory says he was intrinsicly motivated to work for free/negative on Xanadu because "nobody was doing it right"

• Inclined to "getting that right" and "too stupid to quit"
• "That" == digitizing huge stores of knowledge in a way that would be searchable, useable

Does he regret having worked so hard on it? Does he wish he quit?

• "Having fun and partying, I'm not very good at that anyway"

Una Storia dell'Ipertesto

D'Alessandro, A. (????). "Una Storia dell'Ipertesto." Retrieved from: http://areeweb.polito.it/didattica/polymath/ICT/Htmls/Argomenti/Appunti/StoriaIpertesto/StoriaIpertesto.htm

• English: http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fareeweb.polito.it%2Fdidattica%2Fpolymath%2FICT%2FHtmls%2FArgomenti%2FAppunti%2FStoriaIpertesto%2FStoriaIpertesto.htm&act=url

More European focused history, beginning with books

• Rather than see Bush as an inventor, they position him as bringing together a number of extant ideas and presenting "a single vision of the future of human knowledge" crafted in such a manner as to convince his readers of "the posssibility (if not the ease) of its realization"

Drawing on Buckland 1992

• Otlet
• Goldberg
• Bush
• Nelson

Nelson described as an "'evangelist' of the concept of hypertext"

• Credited with coining the term hypertext ("Fu proprio Nelson l'inventore nel 1965 del vocabolo 'ipertesto'")

Nelson also described as a "perfectionist" ("un perfezionista") who, "like many visionaries," ("come molti visionari") would not compromise

Even today, he offers an "unusable" system for download ("propone in download un sistema inutilizzabile")

"Evangelist" ("un evangelizzatore") offered as an alternative to "technologist" ("un tecnologo")

• DM/CL and Literary Machines presented ideas that appear in part in the products/softwares of others

One system seldom mentioned is PROMIS (1966)

• Searchable database of medical records
• Remained in use until the 1990s

Continues on to talk about NLS

• Saying it was difficult to use, "cryptic mnemonics" ("richiedeva l'uso di codici mnemonici molto criptici")

Also mentions a variety of other projects

• Van Dam's HES, Fress, EDS
• ZOG
• Aspen Movie Map

Describes the 80s as when "hypertext became commercial"

Also includes a section at the end for "La critica di Ted Nelson"

Synthetic worlds

Castronova, E. (2005). Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

In Appendix: A digression on virtual reality

Nelson cited on the same page as Rheingold, Gibson, and Stephenson on the subject of migration to virtual reality

• Cited by way of Rheingold's reference to Nelson's description of "virtuality" (287)
• "'Virtual' is explicitly contrasted with 'real': it is the ways things seem to be, as when we watch a film that seems to take place in Rome but actually takes place in Los Angeles." (287)

Nelson described as "visionary"

Piracy

Johns, A. (2009). Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Passage on the topic of personal computing as liberation, noting three sites: (474)

• Engelbart's lab (Stanford)
• McCarthy's AI lab (Stanford)
• (later) Xerox PARC

Nelson quoted describing Robert Albrecht of the People's Computer Company as, "the caliph of counterculture computerdom" (475)

Following discussion of Illich's influence on Felsenstein, Johns notes that "enthusiasts in the early days were never united in opposing intellectual property per se" (478-9)

• Citing Computer Lib / Dream Machines, "a visionary manifesto for the power of engagement with computers" (479)

"Why is it always the guys with the cushy and secure jobs who tell you tweedle de dee, ideas should be free", Nelson (as cited on 479)

Xanadu, a "prophetically grandiose plan for a kind of designed hypertext web" (479)

Xanadu and compulsory licensing

• "Making piracy technically impossible" (479)
• "Mandating openness" (479)

Reflections on Interactivity

Arata, L. O. (2003). "Reflections on Interactivity" in Rethinking Media Change: The Aesthetics of Transition (Eds. David Thorburn and Henry Jenkins), pp. 217-225. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Nelson referenced by way of George Landow's historiography of hypertext (217)

• "Non-sequential writing on a computer"

Virtual community

Rheingold, H. (1993). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: HarperCollins.

In a chapter called "Visionaries and convergences," Nelson referenced in a discussion of "the ancient grail quest" for hypertext (99)

• Hypertext "first proposed by Ted Nelson in the 1960s and first implemented by Engelbart's SRI project" (99)

And later on the problem of "intellectual property," Xanadu as Nelson's "scheme" to address this "social problem" (103)

• "Nelson, who coined the term 'hypertext'" (103)
• Describes automated micropayments

On the software project:

• "The Xanadu project, long notorious as the world's most ancient software project that has yet to produce a public product, is still alive. And the problem [of IP] still exists." (103)

Fire in the Valley

Freiberger, P. & Swaine, M. (1984) Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill.

Computer Lib, "a book similar in spirit [to the Whole Earth Catalog", but about computers[,] before the Altair was announced" (101)

• Nelson described as "Celeste Holm's son" (101)
• Computer Lib as the "Common Sense of the [personal computer] revolution" (101)

Account of Nelson speaking at the World Altair Computer Conference (180)

• "a scandalous and wildly entertaining speech on what he called 'psycho-acoustic dildonics'" (180)
• Nelson talked with people in the audience about setting up a retail computer shop in Chicago, "Itty-Bitty Machine Company (after IBM). Among those interested was Ray Borrill, who was then building his own small network of computer stores in the Midwest" (180)

Account of West Coast Computer Faire, April 1977 (181-182)

• Speakers include BOTH "Frederick Pohl" AND Nelson! (182)

Nelson's complaint that the Apple II only displayed uppercase letters (220)

Nelson's photo (90) captioned "computer pundit and author of Computer Lib"

Gates

Manes, S. & Andrews, P. (1993). Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry-and Made Himself the Richest Man in America. New York: Doubleday.

"Information at your fingertips" (IAYF), a speech given by Gates and an organizing principle for Microsoft in the early 1990s

• "As for the technology, Alan Kay's Dynabook had plowed much of the same ground. So had a grandiose scheme called Xanadu from industry gadfly and pioneer Ted Nelson" (403)
• Also, "Knowledge Navigator a classic demo from Apple's John Sculley" (403)
• "Every half-baked computer visionary had come up with some sort of globally networked, easy-as-a-toaster computer solution to bring microprocessing to the masses. But they'd all faded into the woodwork, except for Sculley. Bill Gates was a guy who shipped product" (403)

The future of the internet

Zittrain, J. (2008). The Future of the Internet: And How To Stop It. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Nelson, "coiner of the word 'hypertext'" (226)

• Talking about adding context and metadata to what people see on the web, referencing Nelson's notion of "transclusion" (226)

"Nelson's vision was drastic in its simplicity" (226)

• "Data as a service [that] leaves too much control with the data's originator" (227)

Rather than "radical reworking of the copy-and-paste culture of the Web," Zittrain suggests the need for a means by which posters/authors of data can signal if they wish to remain linked to that data so that they can be consulted regarding "unusual uses" (227)

He calls this a "weaker signally-based version of Nelson's vision" (227)

Computer

Campbell-Kelly, M. & Aspray, W. (1996). Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: Basic Books.

Nelson: "the most articulate spokesperson for the computer liberatarian idea" (239)

• "a financially independent son of the Hollywood actress Celeste Holm" (239)
• "regular speaker at computer hobbyist gatherings" (239)
  • e.g., Nelson noted as speaker at Altair Conference (243)

"Hypertext": "an idea" "among Nelson's radical visions of computing" (239)

• Available, useful to the "untrained person" (239)

Computing needed to be liberated, "accessible to ordinary people at a trivial cost" (239)

"While Nelson's uncompromising views and his unwillingness to publish his books through conventional channels perhaps added to his anti-establishment appeal, this created a barrier between himself and the academic and commercial establishments" (239)

1996 is too soon to "properly evaluate Nelson's impact on the development of personal computing" (239)

• Comparable to McLuhan, "though certainly less important" (239)
• "In both cases, their influence has been largely intangible, but it seems likely that cultural historians of the next century will see them as having changed the intellectual climate" (239)
• "Nelson influenced mainly the young, predominantly male, local Californian technical community" (239)

History of WWW starting with Bush/Memex (288)

• JCR Licklider/ARPA, "Libraries of the future" (288)
• Ted Nelson "coined the term hypertext" (288)
• Engelbart working on "the practical realization of similar ideas" at SRI

Hackers

Levy, S. (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New York: Penguin.

Nelson, "distinguished visitor" to People's Computer Company (174)

• "self-published author of Computer Lib, the epic of the computer revolution, the bible of the hacker dream" (174)
• "stubborn"
• "self-diagnosed ailment of being years ahead of his time" (174)
• "Son of actress Celeste Holm and director Ralph Nelson" (174)
• "product of private schools, student at fancy liberal arts colleges[,] irascible perfectionist[,] 'innovator'"
• "treated like royalty at potluck dinners" (175)

He wrote a "counterculture computer book" out of "anger and desperation" (174)

• "No publisher was interested, certainly not with his demands on the format" (174)
  • "Oversized pages loaded with print so small you could hardly read it, along with scribbled notations, and manically amateurish drawings" (174)

Two thousand dollars of his own money to print "a few hundred copies of what was a virtual handbook to the Hacker Ethic" (174)

Declared himself a "computer fan" (175)

When MITS announced the Altair, "Ted Nelson [...] called with his blessing" (195)

Nelson unimpressed by the Homebrew Computer Club, calling the attendees "chip-monks, people obsessed with chips [...] like going to a meeting of people who love hammers" (220)

• Levy says that Nelson "should have appreciated" their "crusade" for building micros (220)

At West Coast Computer Faire, Levy compares Nelson to "a once lonesome guru [...] united with a sea of disciplines" (266)

• Quoting Nelson, "This is Captain Kirk[.] Prepare for blastoff!" (266)
• Others gave workshops on specific skills, applications; Nelson gave a workshop on "the triumphant future" (267)
• Nelson also gave a keynote titled, "Those Unforgettable Next Two Years" (267)
• Quoting Nelson, "Here we have the makings of a fad, it is fast blossoming into a cult, and soon it will mature into a full-blown consumer market" (267)

Nelson's prediction about the end of IBM is wrong, underestimates their ability to transition into micros (358)

Is There Free Speech on the Net?

Shade, L. R. (1996). "Is there Free Speech on the Net? Censorship in the Global Information Infrastructure" In Culture of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies (Ed. Rob Shields), pp. 11-32.

Ted Nelson and "tele-dildonics", citation points to Rheingold

A Geography of the Eye

Hillis, K. (1996). "A Geography of the Eye: The Technologies of Virtual Reality" In Culture of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies (Ed. Rob Shields), pp. 70-98.

Bizarrely cites the text of Bush's "As We May Think" (1945) from Nelson's "As We Will Think" (1972)

• "Bush also theorized the personal computer but as a hypertextual extension of the individual self" (75)

Nelson also cited as one of a few "thinkers" (including Donald Sutherland) to imagine computers as "poly-utility" (79)

• Nelson's field report on the experience of using Sutherland's Sketchpad is included on (80)

Discusses the implementation of hypertext from Engelbart's lab in the "early to mid-1960s" (81)

• "though [...] generally are believed to be no older than their 1980s commercialization..." (81)
• Cites Nelson's description of hypertext, 'automatic link-jumps' (81)
• "Ted Nelson has continued to defend and extend Vannevar Bush's original concept of hypertext and personal computing - the Memex - profiled above" (81)

From counter culture to cyber culture

Turner, F. (2006). From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Account of the first Hackers Conference, Nelson among the invited attendees (136)

• Nelson called it the "Woodstock of the computer elite", a phrase that was quoted in several journalistic accounts (138)

Rossetto, journalist who saw computer industry as part of a longer history of libertarianism, interviewed Nelson for his magazine (211)

• Turner calls Nelson a "hypertext guru" (211)

Nelson "a proselytizer for personal computing" (133) modeled Computer Lib after the Whole Earth Catalog (275r23)

• Nelson described as a "programmer who had authored a volume loosely based on the Whole Earth Catalog" (133)

Dreaming in code

Rosenberg, S. (2007). Dreaming in Code. New York: Crown.

Goal of Chandler (a PIM that followed a somewhat similar path to vaporware as Xanadu) was to "level the silos" and interconnect different types of data in the computer (100)

• "Digital-age maverick Ted Nelson had propounded the idea of computers as 'dream machines' and engines of personal liberation in the 1970s and invented the term 'hypertext'" (100-101)
• "Nelson views today's Web as a bastardization of his more complex vision" (101)
• Also references "intertwingularity" as a "label for the kind of complexity that information silos ignore" (101)
  • As opposed to "deeply hierarchical, categorizable, and sequential" structures (101)

New Media from Borges to HTML

Manovich, L. (2003). "New Media from Borges to HTML" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 13-25.

Introduction to the collection, lists Nelson's 1960s writing alongside Licklider, Sutherland, and Engelbart as "essential documents of our time" that will be one day rated on "the same scale of importance as texts by Marx, Freud, and Saussure" (24)

[Introduction] tHE gARDEN OF fORKING PATHS

Montfort, N. (2003). "01. [Introduction] The Garden of Forking Paths" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 29-30.

"Artists and writers have often presaged developments in new media that were invisible to the most esteemed technologists. Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart, who devised many of new media's most important concepts, have spent most of their careers on the periphery of the field" (29)

"The term 'hypertext' was coined by Ted Nelson..." (29)

[Introduction] From Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "08. [Introduction] From Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 93-94.

"[Engelbart] independently invented the hyperlink at the same time the idea was being hatched by Ted Nelson" (93)

Engelbart uses a form a "graphic vision" that NWF describes as "in the style of science fiction", narrated in second person (94)

• "speculative voice" (94)

Engelbart considers his "framework" to be his most important contribution yet struggles to situate it within existing knowledge structures:

• "it isn't a technology, it isn't a science, and it isn't a marketing or business model ..." (94)

[Introduction] A File Structure for ...

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "11. [Introduction] A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 133.

"Ted Nelson coined the word 'hypertext' and developed the concept that goes along with it" (133)

• "his thinking much more general, and his proposals significantly more advanced" than the WWW (133)

This intro involves deeper engagement with the specific details of Nelson's hypertext model than is typically seen

• Paper published in the ACM proceedings of the 20th national conference 1965

Nelson also seen as an early writer on HCI, "the psychological needs of users" (133)

[Introduction] Responsive Environments

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "25. [Introduction] Responsive Environments" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 377-378.

Ted Nelson described as someone who saw himself as "simultaneously pursuing artistic and technological goals", specifically literary

• Mentions his participation in the 1970 Software art exhibition

"Unfortunately, the work of such individuals has often been accepted by only one realm" (377)

Nonlinearity

Aarseth, E. J. (2003). "Nonlinearity and Literary Theory" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 762-780.

"Although the term hypertext was first used by Theodor H. Nelson in 1965 [...], the modern origin of the idea is generally accepted to stem from Vannevar Bush..." (771)

• Locates the origin of the cyberpunk "neural jack" at the end of Bush's article (771)

[Introduction] As we may think

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "02. [Introduction] As We May Think" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 35-36.

Narrative of both Engelbart and Nelson recalling their encounters with and inspiration from this text (35)

Nelson "coined the terms 'hypertext' and 'hypermedia,' and wrote books that envisioned personal computing and network publishing [...] before the first personal computer was even available" (36)

Direct Manipulation

Schneiderman, B. (2003). "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 486-498.

Citing Nelson on "virtuality", a representation of reality that can be manipulated" (492)

Siren shapes

Joyce, M. (2003). "Siren Shapes: Exploratory and Constructive Hypertexts" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 614-624.

Nelson informed the author that he "coined [the term softcopy] in the mid-60s" (618)

• Softcopy is text on the screen

You say you want ...

Moulthrop, S. (2003). "You Say You Want a Revolution? Hypertext and the Laws of Media" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 629-704.

History:

• Bush/Memex
• Adventure
• Nelson/hypertext (692)

Nelson, "a sometime academic and a dedicated promoter of technology" (692)

• "coined the term 'hypertext'" (692)
• Description of Xanadu including franchises
• "a trio of self-published manifestoes" (CL, DM, LM)
• Describes collaborations between Nelson and Engelbart at Brown (FRESS) and some little-known commercial efforts

Hypertext and "social change" (692)

1987 pegged as a "annus mirabilis" for hypertext (692-693)

• CL/DM republished by Microsoft Press
• Nelson/Xanadu join Autodesk
• First ACM HyperText conference
• HyperCard included with the Mac

It didn't catch on, hypertext "ahead of its time" (693)

• As it has been before

Xanadu as a humanist or "generalist" network to be protected from the fascist impulse (696)

Nelson's idea of "populitism", anarchy (libertarianism?) in its true sense: "local autonomy based on consensus, unlimited by a relentless disintegration of global authority" (696)

• If information is capital, then Xanadu will change the world

"What social processes can translate the pragmatics of Nelson's business plan into the radicalism of a hypertext manifesto?" (697)

• Moulthrop sees Xanadu as pragmatic - not utopian - and requiring additional labor to become radical

Moulthrop suggests "future history" as a means to understand the implications of Xanadu

• It will necessarily begin within the constrained environment of capitalism, where will that lead? (697)

Uses McLuhan's 4 laws of media to do future history on Xanadu (697)

Hypertext, pattern recognition, linking; "nothing more than an extension of what literature has always been", which Nelson has long argued (697)

Nelson forsees hypertext as a "revival of typographic culture" (698)

• Believable when you think Xanadu as "hypermedia" (698)

Nelson envisions the "extension of amateur literary production" (699)

Explicitly joins Xanadu to Gibson's cyberspace (701)

Nelson's scheme is to "get rich slowly" (702)

Nelson's warning that "tomorrow's hypertext systems have immense political ramifications" is "an understatement of cosmic proportions" (702)

"Public-access Xanadu might be the last hope for consensual democracy in an age of global simulation" (703)

17. [Introduction] From Software

Wardrip-Fruin, N. & Montfort, N. (2003). "17. [Introduction] From Software-Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 247-248.

Nelson produced the catalog, "Labyrinth"

• Programmed for the PDP-8 by engineers from ATI
• Called it the "first publicly-accessible hypertext" (247)

Nelson also wrote up his experience of the show in Dream Machines

21. [Introduction] From Computer Lib / Dream Machines

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "21. [Introduction] From Computer Lib / Dream Machines" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 301-302.

"Computer Lib / Dream Machines is the most important book in the history of new media" (301)

• "a Janus-like codex" (301)
• "challenged the popular notion of what computers were for" (301)

Exhorting readers to "defy the computer priesthood" and to "never accept 'the computer doesn't work that way' as an answer" (301)

"Computer Lib was in writing was the Altair and Apple II became in engineering: an artifact that destabilized the existing computer order, that brought about a conception of the computer as a personal device" (301)

Nelson believed DM to be more important than CL

• More about "media and design" than "computers" (recall "hammers" comment quoted in Levy)

"Fantics" essay, a "founding document for the field now called human-computer interaction" (301)

Nelson's book was "passed around, borrowed, stolen, and made a totemic object in early new media businesses" (301)

• Required reading for new Apple employees

Xanadu, "radical, open publishing network" (301)

• Made Nelson the "butt of jokes for 20 years", "called a crackpot" (301-2)
• Based on the belief that there "was not a demand for a public, hypertext-enabled publishing network" (302)

30. [Introduction] From Literary Machines

Wardrip-Fruin, N. (2003). "30. [Introduction] From Literary Machines: Proposal for a Universal Electronic Publishing System and Archive" In The New Media Reader (Eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort), pp. 441-461.

"Xanadu is the archetypal dream of a hypermedia network" (441)

• "a not-so-distant future" (441)

Combining central design with anarchic openness

• WWW only realizing the latter
• W3C trying to design backwards some of the features of Xanadu
• Nelson opening the code to earlier version of Xanadu

Nelson imagined Xanadu as a utility company, the information faucet (442)

• Vulnerability-explored by Moulthrop-that utility companies may abuse this power

NWF critiques the "micropayment" idea as undermining the pluralism and equal access principles, comparing it to "pay-per-view" cable (442)

• Prefers a comparison to libraries

Footnote reveals the challenge of republishing a selection from Literary Machines because of the demands of stretchtext (442)

• Also, this is an explicit reference to using print as a prototype for an electronic idea

Sidebar on ZigZag data structure with n-dimensions (442)

• Example is canonical: genealogy

What the dormouse said

Markoff, J. (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking.

Nelson listed among East Coast "figures" like Sutherland, Bush, Licklider, Bob Taylor, "and the computer hackers ta MIT" (xv)

Nelson described as an "itinerant writer, inventor, and social scientist who can best be descried as the Don Quixote of computing" (xxi)

• "Nelson was a contemporary of Engelbart in the sixties, and the two men had pursued many of the same innovations" (xxi)
• "Engelbart, however, had been the first to demonstrate a vision that led directly to today's computing world" (xxi)

van Dam blown away to see Engelbart demo the NLS (158)

• He had been working with Nelson and students at Brown on a hypertext system
• Nelson described as an "itinerant poet-sociologist" with a "vision that in many ways paralleled Engelbart's" (158)

McCarthy used NLS to create documents and was frustrated at the strict requirements to construct a hierarchical document of chunks no larger than 1000 characters (171)

• He "came to view both Engelbart's and Ted Nelson's ideas on text editing and hypertext as too dictatorial" (171)
• (Interesting considering Nelson would have also opposed the hierarchical outline requirement)

No other visitor to the PCC was as "influential" as Nelson (260)

• "a college friend of Andy van Dam" (260)
• "Nelson had coined the term 'hypertext' as part of his vision of a worldwide electronic publishing system he dubbed Xanadu" (260)

Nelson described as the "son of actress Celeste Holm and film director Ralph Nelson" (260)

• "independently hit upon some of the same ideas that were beginning to float openly in the computer labs surround Stanford in the 1960s and 1970s" (260)

CL/DM as a "self-published manifesto" (261)

• Openly imitated Whole Earth Catalog
• "mélange of useful information about computers as tools" (261)
  • "potpourri of useful and useless information [argued that the] computer was a universal medium" (261)
• A "break with the world of computer professionals, who had once been genuine computer fans but who had unfortunately grown older and become reactionary" (261)

John Draper (Cap'n Crunch) worked at Autodesk with Nelson (273)

On the influence of Nelson on HCC

• "With Ted Nelson's computing-power-to-the-people rallying cry echoing across the landscape ..." (282)

The hacker ethic

Himanen, P. (2001). The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age. New York: Random House.

At the end of the Appendix: A Brief History of Computer Hackerism

• "Ted Nelson, a visionary whose charisma can make him seem like a frenzied shaman, heralded the comping of the personal computer in a self-published book called Computer Lib" (188)
• "best known for expressing a vision of a worldwide hypertext long before the advent of the Web" (188)
• "inventor of the term hypertext" (188)

The dream machine

Waldrop, M. M. (2001). The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computer Personal. New York: Penguin.

Ted Nelson, "an independently wealth computer activist who had declared that 'hypertext'-a word he'd invented to describe the electronic links first imagined by Vannevar Bush-would at last allow us to break free from linear thought and hierarchical powers structures" (421)

To demonstrate the unexpected resonance that the ARPA vision had with "the head-tripping, antiestablishment spirit of the era" (421)

Tim Berners-Lee, "independently reinvented the idea of hypertext" a decade before learning about Bush, Engelbart, Nelson, or the Internet (465)

Virtual reality

Rheingold, H. (1991). Virtual Reality. New York: Touchstone.

Nelson as a "computer prophet" who saw "the implications of Sketchpad" (91)

• "an irreverent, unorthodox, countercultural fellow" (91)
• "long been in the habit of self-publishing quirky, cranky, amazingly accurate commentaries on the future of computing" (91)
• Cites a description of Sketchpad from The Home Computer Revolution, 1977

Navigating a database of text by traversing links "as Engelbart and Nelson envisioned when they started dreaming of 'hypertext'" (101)

Reference to Nelson's field notes about Sketchpad, importance of "hand-eye coordination" (104)

Nelson at a VPL demo

• "techno-prophet, pamphleteer, Autodesk Fellow, and seasoned performer of the personal computer revolution" (175)
• "smiled that goofy, infectious smile he uses on crowds" (175)

In a roundtable discussion, Nelson later remarked that VR might reveal that software design is a "branch of moviemaking", recalling his term "virtuality" (176-7)

At a VR session of the Hackers' Conference, 1989, Felsenstein "resurrected Nelson's grand old word" 'teledildonics' (179)

Autodesk interest in Xanadu (180)

• "hypertext is one way of linking up all the world's knowledge into a kind of automated network, in which creation, publication and payment of royalties for intellectual property could take place in a system accessible to everyone everywhere" (180)

Autodesk as a new site of intense innovation, hackerish interest, comparable to Xerox PARC in the 70s (180-181)

• Comparison of their AutoCAD software to Engelbart's vision of human augmentation (180)

Whole chapter titled "Teledildonics and Beyond" (345)

• "'dildonics' was coined in 1974 by that zany computer visionary Theodor Nelson (inventor of hypertext and designer of the world's oldest unfinished software project, appropriately named 'Xanadu' (R)"
• Term used to describe a patented machine for converting sound into tactile sensation

"Intertwingled" used to describe machines, bodies (353)

Escape velocity

Dery, M. (1996). Escape Velocity. New York: Grove Press.

Ted Nelson, "technovisionary" (26)

• "self-published a 'counterculture computer book' titled Computer Lib, an impassioned manifest for an imagined movement" (26-7)

You Are Not A Gadget

Lanier, J. (2010). You are not a gadget. New York: Knopf.

"The first design for something like the World Wide Web, Ted Nelson's Xanadu, conceived of one giant, global file" (13)

• Used to illustrate Lanier's argument against the teleology of files/folders

"Is there any way to bring money and capitalism into an era of technological abundance without impoverishing almost everyone? One smart idea came from Ted Nelson" (100)

Nelson, "invented the digital media link [and] called it 'hypermedia'" (100)

Lanier inherits Nelson's habit of referring to implementation challenges as "details" (101)

• Also, suggesting that there is a "digital culture" full of anti-humanist techies
• He lists exceptions to this "cybernetic totalist tribe" on (17)

"As a result, anyone might be able to get rich from creative work" (101)

• "an obscure scholar might eventually earn as much over many years as her work is repeatedly referenced. But note that this is a very different idea from the long tail, because it rewards individuals instead of cloud owners" (101)

Lanier refers to an old objection to Xanadu which is that everyday people do not want to publish

• "I remember Nelson trying to speak and young American Maoists shouting him down because they worried that his system would favor the intellectual over the peasant" (101)

If we idealists had only been able to convince those skeptics, we might have entered into a different, and better, world once it became clear that the majority of people are indeed interested in and capable of being expressive in the digital realm (101)

"Everyone would have easy access to everyone else's creative bits at reasonable prices - and everyone would get paid for their bits." (101)

"This arrangement would celebrate personhood in full, because personal expression would be valued" (101)